Aspirin and salicylate induce apoptosis and activation of caspases in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Abstract

We analyzed the effect of aspirin, salicylate, and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the viability of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. Aspirin induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The mean IC50 for cells from 5 patients was 5.9 +/- 1.13 mmol/L (range, 4.4 to 7.3 mmol/L). In some cases, 2.5 mmol/L aspirin produced an important cytotoxic effect after 4 days of incubation. No effect was observed with other NSAIDs, at concentrations that inhibit cyclooxygenase, such as ketorolac (10 micromol/mL), NS-398 (100 micromol/mL), or indomethacin (20 micromol/mL), thus suggesting the involvement of cyclooxygenase-independent mechanisms in aspirin-induced cytotoxicity. Salicylate also produced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on B-CLL cells and the mean IC50 for cells from 5 patients was 6.96 +/- 1.13 mmol/L (range, 5 to 7.8 mmol/L). Both aspirin and salicylate induced DNA fragmentation and the proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP(adenosine 5'-diphosphate)-ribose) polymerase (PARP), demonstrating that both compounds induce apoptosis of B-CLL cells. Finally, inhibition of caspases by Z-VAD.fmk blocked proteolytic cleavage of PARP, DNA fragmentation, and cytotoxicity induced by aspirin. Mononuclear cells from normal donors showed a lower sensitivity than cells from B-CLL patients to aspirin as determined by analysis of cell viability. B and T lymphocytes from normal donors and T lymphocytes from CLL patients are more resistant to aspirin-induced apoptosis, as determined by analysis of phosphatidylserine exposure. These results indicate that aspirin and salicylate induce apoptosis of B-CLL cells by activation of caspases and that this activation involves cyclooxygenase-independent mechanisms.