Management priorities in patients with polytrauma

Abstract

Background: The basic principles for the treatment of the polytraumatized patient is early resuscitation, followed by a physical examination and diagnostic studies. These are performed to establish the priorities for life-saving management and further treatment.

Discussion: Trauma management regarding musculoskeletal injuries is discussed in four different distinguished periods: (1) acute or resuscitation period (0-3 h); (2) primary or stabilization period (3-72 h); (3) secondary or regeneration period (days 3-8); and (4) tertiary or rehabilitation period (beyond day 8). For management during the acute period, a trauma algorithm is described, which consists of four different steps: (1) first look; (2) shock treatment; (3) check up; and (4) control and diagnosis. During the acute period, decompression of organ cavities (tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade) is performed along with life-saving operations for hemorrhage control of thoracic, abdominal, pelvic or external bleeding. The primary period (3-72 h) of treatment starts when the vital functions have been stabilized. During this period, so-called 'day-one' surgery is performed. During the secondary period (days 3-8), a phase of regeneration, a secondary deterioration of organ function must be prevented. During the tertiary phase (beyond day 8), in most cases, recovery usually continues and final reconstructive operations can be performed.