Instability in smoking patterns among school leavers in Victoria, Australia

Abstract

Objective: To describe patterns of smoking in a cohort of young adults over the first 15 months after leaving school.

Design: A four-wave, longitudinal survey design was used to gather data. Final-year students from 93 schools completed the recruitment questionnaire at an average age of 17 years. Follow-up questionnaires were posted to their home addresses three months, nine months and 15 months after the end of school.

Setting: Victoria, Australia.

Participants: A cohort of 1903 respondents who completed and returned all four questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Self-labelled smoking status ("heavy smoker", "light smoker", "occasional smoker", "ex-smoker", and "non-smoker"), daily cigarette consumption, and maximum daily cigarette consumption.

Results: At school, 72% of the sample were "non-smokers", 5% "ex-smokers", 11% "occasional", 8% "light", and 5% "heavy smokers". At 15 months after school, these proportions had shifted to 64%, 8%, 11%, 9%, and 7%, respectively. Over the study, "light smokers" and "heavy smokers" substantially increased their daily consumption; "occasional" and "ex-smokers" did not. There was relatively high stability in self-labelled smoking status at one wave and the next. However, over the four waves, 38% of the sample changed their self-labelled smoking status, and 41% of these had been "non-smokers" at school. A reduced second-order Markov chain model was found to fit this four-wave behavioural sequence. Detailed description of smoking status changes revealed greater progression to higher levels of smoking than transition to lower levels.

Conclusions: There is considerable flux in smoking patterns among young adults after leaving school, suggesting an opportunity to intervene with smoking prevention programmes at this stage of development.