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. 1999 Jan 9;318(7176):91-4.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7176.91.

Female medical leadership: cross sectional study

K J Kvaerner  1 , O G Aasland, G S Botten
Affiliations

Female medical leadership: cross sectional study

K J Kvaerner et al. BMJ. .

Abstract

Objective: To assess the relation between male and female medical leadership.

Design: Cross sectional study on predictive factors for female medical leadership with data on sex, age, specialty, and occupational status of Norwegian physicians.

Setting: Oslo, Norway.

Subjects: 13 844 non-retired Norwegian physicians.

Main outcome measure: Medical leaders, defined as physicians holding a leading position in hospital medicine, public health, academic medicine, or private health care.

Results: 14.6% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 15.4%) of the men were leaders compared with 5.1% (4.4% to 5.9%) of the women. Adjusted for age men had a higher estimated probability of leadership in all categories of age and job, the highest being in academic medicine with 0.57 (0.42 to 0.72) for men aged over 54 years compared with 0.39 (0.21 to 0.63) for women in the same category. Among female hospital physicians there was a positive relation between the proportion of women in their specialty and the probability of leadership.

Conclusion: Women do not reach senior positions as easily as men. Medical specialties with high proportions of women have more female leaders.

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Figures

Figure
Figure
Estimated probability of leadership for 50 year old female specialist working in hospital in six different specialties with varying proportions of women. Derived from logistic regression model with 2033 hospital based female physicians
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