Structural basis for the differential toxicity of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Construction of hybrid toxins identifies the A2-domain as the determinant of differential toxicity

Abstract

Cholera toxin (Ctx) and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) are structurally and functionally similar AB5 toxins with over 80% sequence identity. When their action in polarized human epithelial (T84) cells was monitored by measuring toxin-induced Cl- ion secretion, Ctx was found to be the more potent of the two toxins. Here, we examine the structural basis for this difference in toxicity by engineering a set of mutant and hybrid toxins and testing their activity in T84 cells. This revealed that the differential toxicity of Ctx and Etx was (i) not due to differences in the A-subunit's C-terminal KDEL targeting motif (which is RDEL in Etx), as a KDEL to RDEL substitution had no effect on cholera toxin activity; (ii) not attributable to the enzymatically active A1-fragment, as hybrid toxins in which the A1-fragment in Ctx was substituted for that of Etx (and vice versa) did not alter relative toxicity; and (iii) not due to the B-subunit, as the replacement of the B-subunit in Ctx for that of Etx caused no alteration in toxicity, thus excluding the possibility that the broader receptor specificity of EtxB is responsible for reduced activity. Remarkably, the difference in toxicity could be mapped to a 10-amino acid segment of the A2-fragment that penetrates the central pore of the B-subunit pentamer. A comparison of the in vitro stability of two hybrid toxins, differing only in this 10-amino acid segment, revealed that the Ctx A2-segment conferred a greater stability to the interaction between the A- and B-subunits than the corresponding segment from Etx A2. This suggests that the reason for the relative potency of Ctx compared with Etx stems from the increased ability of the A2-fragment of Ctx to maintain holotoxin stability during uptake and transport into intestinal epithelia.