Intrathecal clonidine alleviates allodynia in neuropathic rats: interaction with spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Abstract

Background: Intrathecally administered clonidine increases release of spinal acetylcholine, which may be related to its analgesic action in neuropathic pain. The current study determined the role of spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the antiallodynic effect of intrathecally administered clonidine in spinal nerve-ligated rats.

Methods: Allodynia was produced in rats by ligation of the left L5-L6 spinal nerves. Mechanical allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hindpaw. The effect of intrathecal injection of saline, two muscarinic receptor antagonists (atropine and scopolamine), and two nicotinic receptor antagonists (mecamylamine and hexamethonium) on the antiallodynic action produced by intrathecal administration of 20 microg clonidine was assessed in six groups of animals. Each group consisted of six to eight rats.

Results: Intrathecal injection of saline or muscarinic or nicotinic receptor antagonists did not alter the withdrawal thresholds. The antiallodynic effect produced by intrathecally administered clonidine was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by intrathecal treatment with muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists. Although nicotinic receptor antagonists only partially attenuated the effect of clonidine, blockade of spinal muscarinic receptors almost abolished the antiallodynic effect of clonidine.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the analgesic effect of intrathecally administered clonidine on neuropathic pain is mediated by spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Therefore, this study provides functional evidence that spinally released acetylcholine plays a role in the antiallodynic effect of intrathecally administered clonidine in neuropathic pain.