Antimicrobial Resistance in European Companion Animals Practice: A One Health Approach

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health emergency. The growing levels of multidrug-resistant bacteria in companion animals represent a critical but under-recognized threat, as pets can act as reservoirs and vectors of resistant pathogens, and bacteria can spread between species. Despite living in close proximity to humans and sharing many of the same antibiotic classes, companion animals remain largely overlooked in the AMR control strategies. A major obstacle to combating AMR in Europe is the absence of a mandatory and uniform surveillance system. Without a standardized approach, data collection remains inconsistent, leading to knowledge gaps and hindering effective investigation and policymaking. Surveillance failures prevent a comprehensive understanding of resistance patterns, making it difficult to implement timely and evidence-based measures. Existing laws and regulations are insufficient to contain the growing threat of AMR. Current policies fail to enforce strict antimicrobial stewardship across all European countries and lack the necessary scope to address resistance effectively. Urgent action is required-Europe must implement stronger, harmonized surveillance systems, enforce stricter veterinary antimicrobial regulations, and develop more active and binding programs to curb resistance before it reaches an uncontrollable level. A One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is essential.

Keywords: One Health; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; companion animals; humans; veterinary medicine.

Figure A1

Map of European countries affiliated with the European Union with at least one national monitoring system for AMR for bacterial pathogens of animals, without any surveillance system, and without information. Adapted from EU-JAMRA and reference [114]. Made in mapchart.net.

Figure 1

Illustration of the interconnected flow of antibiotic residues and bacteria among animals, humans, and the environment. Antibiotics are administered in both human and veterinary medicine contexts, including in companion animals and livestock production. Residual antibiotics and resistant bacteria can enter the environment through various routes, such as wastewater, manure application, and runoff. Once in the environment, these contaminants may infiltrate the soil and water systems, promoting the spread of resistant genes. Contaminated water and soil can reintroduce resistant bacteria into the food chain and water supply. Vectors and icons by SVG Repo www.svgrepo.com and https://openclipart.org/. accessed on 2 May 2025.