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. 2013 Sep 20;8(9):e74221.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074221. eCollection 2013.

Molecular evolution of enterovirus 68 detected in the Philippines

Tadatsugu Imamura  1 , Akira Suzuki, Socorro Lupisan, Michiko Okamoto, Rapunzel Aniceto, Rutchie J Egos, Edgardo E Daya, Raita Tamaki, Mariko Saito, Naoko Fuji, Chandra Nath Roy, Jaime M Opinion, Arlene V Santo, Noel G Macalalad, Amado Tandoc 3rd, Lydia Sombrero, Remigio Olveda, Hitoshi Oshitani
Affiliations

Molecular evolution of enterovirus 68 detected in the Philippines

Tadatsugu Imamura et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Detection of Enterovirus 68 (EV68) has recently been increased. However, underlying evolutionary mechanism of this increasing trend is not fully understood.

Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 5,240 patients with acute respiratory infections in the Philippines from June 2009 to December 2011. EV68 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting for 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), viral protein 1 (VP1), and VP4/VP2. Phylogenetic trees were generated using the obtained sequences.

Results: Of the 5,240 tested samples, 12 EV68 positive cases were detected between August and December in 2011 (detection rate, 0.23%). The detection rate was higher among inpatients than outpatients (p<0.0001). Among VP1 sequences detected from 7 patients in 2011, 5 in lineage 2 were diverged from those detected in the Philippines in 2008, however, 2 in lineage 3 were not diverged from strains detected in the Philippines in 2008 but closely associated with strains detected in the United States. Combined with our previous report, EV68 occurrences were observed twice in the Philippines within the last four years.

Conclusions: EV68 detections might be occurring in cyclic patterns, and viruses might have been maintained in the community while some strains might have been newly introduced.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Temporal distribution of EV68 in Eastern Visayas Region, the Philippines, May 2008- December 2011.
Information about the address was obtained from parents of the pediatric patients. The bar graph shows the number of EV68 cases in each month in Eastern Visayas region. The month without any bars indicates no EV68 detected cases on that month. The total number of tested samples in each of three studies is shown in line graph.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of selected EV68 strains based on the nucleotide sequence of three genome regions.
(a) the partial 5′UTR, (b) partial VP1, and (c) partial VP4/VP2. EV68 strains in this study are indicated by •. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using nucleotide alignments and the neighbor-joining method, as implemented in MEGA software.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Bayesian evolutionary tree of selected EV68 strains based on the nucleotide sequence of partial VP1.
EV68 strains detected in the present study are indicated by •. Bayesian tree was generated by BEAST software.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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