Human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features

Abstract

It has recently been reported that all but one of the 102 known serotypes of the genus Rhinovirus segregate into two genetic clusters (C. Savolainen, S. Blomqvist, M. N. Mulders, and T. Hovi, J. Gen. Virol. 83:333-340, 2002). The only exception is human rhinovirus 87 (HRV87). Here we demonstrate that HRV87 is genetically and antigenically highly similar to enterovirus 68 (EV68) and is related to EV70, the other member of human enterovirus group D. The partial nucleotide sequences of the 5' untranslated region, capsid regions VP4/VP2 and VP1, and the 3D RNA polymerase gene of the HRV87 prototype strain F02-3607 Corn showed 97.3, 97.8, 95.2, and 95.9% identity to the corresponding regions of EV68 prototype strain Fermon. The amino acid identities were 100 and 98.1% for the products of the two capsid regions and 97.9% for 3D RNA polymerase. Antigenic cross-reaction between HRV87 and EV68 was indicated by microneutralization with monotypic antisera. Phylogenetic analysis showed definite clustering of HRV87 and EV68 with EV70 for all sequences examined. Both HRV87 and EV68 were shown to be acid sensitive by two different assays, while EV70 was acid resistant, which is typical of enteroviruses. The cytopathic effect induced by HRV87 or EV68 was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to the decay-accelerating factor known to be the receptor of EV70. We conclude that HRV87 and EV68 are strains of the same picornavirus serotype presenting features of both rhinoviruses and enteroviruses.

FIG. 1.

ClustalX (version 1.64b) multiple sequence alignment of a 108-amino-acid region of VP1 (A) and a 145-amino-acid region of 3D RNA polymerase (B) from prototype strains of HRV87, EV68 (lines VR-561 and VR-1076), and EV70. Amino acids identical in all four sequences are marked by asterisks, and amino acid differences between HRV87 and EV68 are indicated by shading.

FIG. 2.

Neighbor-joining tree showing phylogenetic clustering of representative serotypes of HRVs and enteroviruses. (A) 5′ UTR; (B) VP4/VP2 region; (C) VP1 region; (D) 3D RNA polymerase region. The accession numbers of the previously published sequences are as follows: NC_001435, HRV1B; X02316, HRV2; NC_001490, HRV14; NC_001752, HRV16; A10937, HRV89; NC_002347, coxsackie A virus 9 (CAV9); NC_001612, CAV16; NC_001428, CAV21; D90457, CAV24; NC_00081, coxsackie B virus 2 (CBV2); NC_001342, CBV5; NC_002601, echovirus 5 (ECHO5); NC_001430, EV70; NC_001769, EV71; NC_002684, EV73; and V01150, poliovirus 1/Sabin (PV1).