Characterization of general transcription factor 3, a transcription factor involved in slow muscle-specific gene expression

Abstract

General transcription factor 3 (GTF3) binds specifically to the bicoid-like motif of the troponin I(slow) upstream enhancer. This motif is part of a sequence that restricts enhancer activity to slow muscle fibers. GTF3 contains multiple helix-loop-helix domains and an amino-terminal leucine zipper motif. Here we show that helix-loop-helix domain 4 is necessary and sufficient for binding the bicoid-like motif. Moreover, the affinity of this interaction is enhanced upon removal of amino-terminal sequences including domains 1 and 2, suggesting that an unmasking of the DNA binding surface may be a precondition for GTF3 to bind DNA in vivo. We have also investigated the interactions of six GTF3 splice variants of the mouse, three of which were identified in this study, with the troponin enhancer. The gamma-isoform lacking exon 23, and exons 26-28 that encode domain 6, interacted most avidly with the bicoid-like motif; the alpha- and beta- isoforms that include these exons fail to bind in gel retardation assays. We also show that GTF3 polypeptides associate with each other via the leucine zipper. We speculate that cells can generate a large number of GTF3 proteins with distinct DNA binding properties by alternative splicing and combinatorial association of GTF3 polypeptides.