Global distribution of novel rhinovirus genotype

Abstract

Global surveillance for a novel rhinovirus genotype indicated its association with community outbreaks and pediatric respiratory disease in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Molecular dating indicates that these viruses have been circulating for at least 250 years.

Figure

Phylogenetic analysis of VP4/2 coding region of viruses identified in association with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in South Africa, Côte d’Ivoire, Nepal, India, Western Australia, Denmark, and Spain (sequences deposited in GenBank under accession nos. EU697825–83). Phylogeny of VP4/2 nucleotide sequence (401 nt) was reconstructed by neighbor-joining analysis applying a Jukes-Cantor model; the scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. Included for reference are sequences belonging to the novel genotype identified in New York State (NY-003, –028, –041, –042, –060, and –074 [8]), similar viruses reported recently (QPM [11]; NAT01 and NAT045 [12]; and 024, 025, 026 [13]), and selected human rhinovirus A (HRV-A) serotypes (GenBank accession numbers for reference sequences are indicated in parentheses); HRV-B serotypes; human enterovirus C (HEV-C) viruses human coxsackievirus A1 and A24 (CV-A1, and CV-A24, respectively); human poliovirus 2 (PV-2); HEV-B viruses human echovirus 5 (E-5), human coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3), and swine vesicular disease virus (CV-B5); HEV-D viruses human enterovirus 68 and 70 (EV-68, EV-70); porcine enterovirus B virus porcine enterovirus 9 (PEV-9); and HEV-A viruses human coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and human enterovirus 71 (EV-71). SA, South Africa; IC, Côte d’Ivoire; HC, Nepal; IN, India; AUS, Australia; DK, Denmark; SO, Spain.