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. 2025 Feb 28;25(1):287.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10590-6.

High circulation of pertussis in infants and close contacts in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar in Africa, and Cambodia in Asia

Gaelle Noel #  1 , Aina Harimanana #  2 , Laurence Borand #  3 , Florence Campana  4 , Chanthy Leng  3 , Chhunly Botr  5 , Lala Rafetrarivony  6 , Mahdi Rajabizadeh  4 , Alexandra Kerleguer  5 , Bunnet Dim  3 , Anny M Randriamoramanana  2 , Mohand Ait-Ahmed  7 , Nicole Guiso  1 , Jean-Marc Collard  6 , Fabien Taieb  8   9 ; PERILIC working group
Collaborators, Affiliations

High circulation of pertussis in infants and close contacts in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar in Africa, and Cambodia in Asia

Gaelle Noel et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Reliable data on whooping cough, a highly contagious disease sometimes fatal for infants, are largely lacking in low- and middle-income countries.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based prospective study (PS) on infants, and a household contact-case investigation (CCI) for positive cases throughout Cambodia and in the city of Antananarivo, Madagascar, between 2017 and 2019. The PS, in which Bordetella diagnostics (qPCR) were performed, included infants aged ≤6 months presenting with ≥5 days of cough associated with one pertussis-like symptom. CCI was performed using qPCR and serology regardless of clinical signs.

Results: In this study, 207 and 173 participants from Cambodia and Antananarivo were respectively enrolled. Respectively 26.1% (54/207) and 22.0% (38/173) of the infants were infected in the cohorts from Cambodia and Antananarivo. Cough longer than 10 days appeared as a risk factor in both countries, as well as coughing spells, apnea and normal pulmonary auscultation, having a coughing contact in Cambodia. In Antananarivo, being clinically well between coughing spells appeared as a risk factor. Five infants, all positive, died during the study. In Cambodia and Antananarivo respectively, 50.9% (118/232) and 67.8% (82/121) of the contact cases were positive. Respectively 94.4% (51/54) and 90.3% (28/31) of the households had at least one positive contact case.

Conclusion: The data show that pertussis circulates at high levels among infants and in their households both in Cambodia and in Antananarivo. Given the vulnerability of youngest infants, who are too young to receive fully primary vaccination, they need to be protected through boosters breaking transmission chains. Molecular diagnosis, as well as trained medical human resources to detect the disease early, are absolutely key to protect populations.

Keywords: Low- and -middle income countries; PCR; Risk factors; Serology; Vaccine; Whooping cough.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted under the sponsorship of the Institut Pasteur, Paris. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the IP’s Institutional Review Board, the National Biomedical Research Ethics Committee in Madagascar (N° 065-MSANP/CE), and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research in Cambodia (N° 019NECHR). All procedures were in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki (2008). Authorization for data processing was obtained from the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL), and names were pseudonymized by assigning a study-specific code to each participant. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier of the study is: NCT02983487, which was first registered on the 2nd of December 2016. Informed written consent was obtained from both the adult participants and the parent(s)/legal guardian(s) of all under-18s (minor children). The age under which parent(s)/legal guardian(s) consented for the individuals (i.e. 18 years) was determined by national ethics committee, which followed national regulations. Oral assent was obtained for all the children of age seven years or older. Only individuals who agreed to participate were included in the study. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the cohort study and contact cases investigation study. Numbers for Cambodia are written in dark green (left) and numbers for Antananarivo are represented in pink (right)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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