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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jun 29;6(6):CD012996.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012996.pub2.

Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke

David H Saunders  1 , Gillian E Mead  2 , Claire Fitzsimons  1 , Paul Kelly  1 , Frederike van Wijck  3 , Olaf Verschuren  4 , Karianne Backx  5 , Coralie English  6   7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke

David H Saunders et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Stroke survivors are often physically inactive as well as sedentary,and may sit for long periods of time each day. This increases cardiometabolic risk and has impacts on physical and other functions. Interventions to reduce or interrupt periods of sedentary time, as well as to increase physical activity after stroke, could reduce the risk of secondary cardiovascular events and mortality during life after stroke.

Objectives: To determine whether interventions designed to reduce sedentary behaviour after stroke, or interventions with the potential to do so, can reduce the risk of death or secondary vascular events, modify cardiovascular risk, and reduce sedentary behaviour.

Search methods: In December 2019, we searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and PEDro. We also searched registers of ongoing trials, screened reference lists, and contacted experts in the field.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials comparing interventions to reduce sedentary time with usual care, no intervention, or waiting-list control, attention control, sham intervention or adjunct intervention. We also included interventions intended to fragment or interrupt periods of sedentary behaviour.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies and performed 'Risk of bias' assessments. We analyzed data using random-effects meta-analyses and assessed the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 10 studies with 753 people with stroke. Five studies used physical activity interventions, four studies used a multicomponent lifestyle intervention, and one study used an intervention to reduce and interrupt sedentary behaviour. In all studies, the risk of bias was high or unclear in two or more domains. Nine studies had high risk of bias in at least one domain. The interventions did not increase or reduce deaths (risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.02 to 0.03; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of falls (and injuries) (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), or incidence of other adverse events (moderate-certainty evidence). Interventions did not increase or reduce the amount of sedentary behaviour time (mean difference (MD) +0.13 hours/day, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.68; 7 studies, 300 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There were too few data to examine effects on patterns of sedentary behaviour. The effect of interventions on cardiometabolic risk factors allowed very limited meta-analysis.

Authors' conclusions: Sedentary behaviour research in stroke seems important, yet the evidence is currently incomplete, and we found no evidence for beneficial effects. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend reducing the amount of sedentary time in people with disabilities, in general. The evidence is currently not strong enough to guide practice on how best to reduce sedentariness specifically in people with stroke. More high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly involving participants with mobility limitations. Trials should include longer-term interventions specifically targeted at reducing time spent sedentary, risk factor outcomes, objective measures of sedentary behaviour (and physical activity), and long-term follow-up.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02731235 NCT01467206 NCT02712385 NCT02494245 NCT01070459 NCT01792349 NCT02798237 NCT01846247 NCT03507894 NCT00431821 NCT01763203 NCT04069767.

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Conflict of interest statement

D Saunders: none known.

C Fitzsimons: Grants and contracts: (1) Programme grant to develop and evaluate strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour in patients after stroke and improve outcomes (ongoing until September 2024), National Institute for Health Research, (2) Research grant for a qualitative study to explore sedentary behaviour in stroke survivors and inform intervention development (completed), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government, (3) Research grant for a feasibility study to explore how to provide feedback and remote monitoring to stroke survivors on their sedentary behaviour (completed), Edinburgh and Lothians Health Foundation.

P Kelly: none known.

C English: Author of one of the included studies (English 2016b) and was not included in screening, data extraction or analysis of the study.

O Verschuren: none known.

K Backx: none known.

F van Wijck: none known.

GE Mead: Grants and contracts: (1) Grant holder in a study of sedentary behaviour after stroke, Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government, (2) Grant holder in RECREATE trial, NIHR UK. Royalties or licenses: (1) Course on exercise after stroke, Later life training, (2) Book on physical fitness training after stroke, Elsevier.

Figures

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'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item presented as percentages across all included studies. In studies with no follow‐up measurement, we did not assess risk of bias for the item labelled 'Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias): end of follow‐up'; this results in some blank spaces
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study. In studies with no follow‐up measurement we did not assess risk of bias for the item labelled 'Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias): end of follow‐up'; this results in some blank spaces .
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5
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1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 1: Death
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 2: Recurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 3: Adverse events ‐ falls
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 4: Sedentary behaviour ‐ sitting time hours per day
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 5: Risk factors ‐ physical activity ‐ MVPA
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 6: Risk factors ‐ physical activity ‐ step count
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 7: Risk factors ‐ anthropometry ‐ Body Mass Index
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 8: Risk factors ‐ anthropometry ‐ waist circumference
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 9: Risk factors ‐ blood pressure ‐ systolic
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Interventions versus control at end of intervention, Outcome 10: Risk factors ‐ blood pressure ‐ diastolic
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

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SPRITE I (arm 2) 2017 {published data only}
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    1. NCT02712385. SPRITE - a feasibility and pilot study [Stroke prevention rehabilitation intervention trial of exercise - SPRITE - A feasibility and pilot study]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02712385 (first submitted 18 March 2017).
SPRITE II (arm 1) 2019 {published data only}
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SPRITE II (arm 2) 2019 {published data only}
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Vanroy 2019 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12610000864022 {published data only}
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ACTRN12613000796785 {published data only}
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ACTRN 12613000869774 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN 12613000869774. Effect of early exercise engagement on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health in stroke and high risk transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients: a pilot study. Available from anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12613000869774 (date submitted 31 July 2013).
ACTRN12614000134628 {published data only}
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ACTRN12616000325404 {published data only}
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Barclay‐Goddard 2012 {published data only}
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Blennerhassett 2003 {published data only}
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Britton 2008 {published data only}
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Brouwer Goossensen 2017 {published data only}42294374
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BUST‐Stroke 2018 {published data only}
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Cadilhac 2010 {published data only}
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ChiCTR‐TRC‐08000201 {published data only}
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Connell 2018 {published data only}
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ISRCTN35516780 {published data only}
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ISRCTN74167784 {published data only}
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Jones 2016 {published data only}
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Kono 2013 {published data only}
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Mackie 2018 {published data only}
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Macko 2005 {published data only}
    1. Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, Hanley D, Sorkin JD, Katzel L, et al. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2005;36(10):2206-11. [DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000181076.91805.89] - DOI - PubMed
Maguire 2012 {published data only}
    1. Maguire C, Sieben JM, Erzer F, Goepfert B, Frank M, Ferber G, et al. How to improve walking, balance and social participation following stroke: a comparison of the long term effects of two walking aids--canes and an orthosis TheraTogs--on the recovery of gait following acute stroke. A study protocol for a multi-centre, single blind, randomised control trial. BMC Neurology 2012;12:18. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
McManus 2009 {published data only}
    1. McManus JA, Craig A, McAlpine C, Langhorne P, Ellis G. Does behaviour modification affect post-stroke risk factor control? Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23:99-105. - PubMed
Mudge 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mudge S, Barber PA, Stott NS. Circuit-based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90(12):1989-96. [DOI: ] - PubMed
NCT00018421 {published data only}
    1. NCT00018421. Effects of exercise on patients with hemiparetic stroke. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00018421 (first submitted 5 July 2001).
NCT01646216 {published data only}
    1. NCT01646216. Long-term split-belt treadmill training for stroke recovery. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01646216 (first submitted 20 July 2012).
NCT02285933 {published data only}
    1. NCT02285933. Virtual reality exercise for stroke rehabilitation in inpatients who are unable to stand. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02285933 (date submitted 7 November 2014).
NCT02364232 {published data only}
    1. NCT02364232. Effects of home-based vs. clinic-based rehabilitation on sensorimotor, cognition, daily function, and participation [Effects of home-based vs. clinic-based rehabilitation on sensorimotor, cognition, daily function, and participation: bilateral training with and without mirror feedback program]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02364232 (first received 18 February 2015).
NCT02587585 {published data only}
    1. NCT02587585. The effect of activity feedback enabled by smart watches during in-patient stroke rehabilitation. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02587585 (date submitted 27 October 2015).
NCT02681393 {published data only}
    1. NCT02681393. Physical activity maintenance in stroke. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02681393 (date submitted 12 February 2016).
NCT02798237 {published data only}
    1. NCT02798237. Effects of aerobic training post-stroke [Effects of aerobic training on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior in subjects post-stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02798237 (first received 14 June 2016).
NCT02835313 {published data only}
    1. NCT02835313. Promoting recovery optimization with walking exercise after stroke (PROWALKS). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02835313 (first submitted 18 July 2016).
NCT03122626 {published data only}
    1. NCT03122626. Does participation in a group, task-oriented community-based exercise program improve the ability to do everyday activities among people with stroke? Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03122626 (date submitted 21 April 2017).
NCT03492957 {published data only}
    1. NCT03492957. Physical activity for non-ambulatory stroke survivors: feasibility study. Available from clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03492957 (date submitted 10 April 2017).
NCT03985761 {published data only}
    1. NCT03985761. Utilizing gaming mechanics to optimize telerehabilitation adherence in persons with stroke. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03985761 (date submitted 14 June 2019).
NCT04144556 {published data only}
    1. NCT04144556. Nintendo Wii® and physical therapy in stroke patients (NW-SP) [The effects of Nintendo Wii® and conventional physical therapy in functional capability and daily living activities in stroke patients]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04144556 (first submitted 30 October 2019).
Oikarinen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Oikarinen A, Engblom J, Kaariainen M, Kyngas H. The effects of risk factor-targeted lifestyle counselling intervention on working-age stroke patients' adherence to lifestyle change. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2017;31(3):555-68. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Olney 2006 {published data only}
    1. Olney SJ, Nymark J, Brouwer B, Culham E, Day A, Heard J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of supervised versus unsupervised exercise programs for ambulatory stroke survivors. Stroke 2006;37:476-81. - PubMed
Palsdottir 2016 {published data only}
    1. Palsdottir AM, Stigmar K, Astrom M, Grahn P, Norrving B, Pessah-Rasmussen H. "The nature stroke study" (NASTRU), nature-based rehabilitation of post stroke fatigue - a randomized controlled trial. European Stroke Journal 2016;1(1 Suppl 1):353. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Patomella 2019 {published data only}
    1. Patomella AH, Guidetti S, Malstam E, Eriksson C, Bergstrom A, Akesson E, et al. Primary prevention of stroke: randomised controlled pilot trial protocol on engaging everyday activities promoting health. BMJ Open 2019;9(11):e031984. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Plummer DAmato 2012 {published data only}
    1. Plummer-D'Amato P, Kyvelidou A, Sternad D, Najafi B, Villalobos RM, Zurakowski D. Training dual-task walking in community-dwelling adults within 1 year of stroke: a protocol for a single-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2012;12:129. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-129] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Preston 2014 {published data only}
    1. Preston E, Dean C, Ada L, Stanton R, Waddington G. Promoting physical activity after stroke via self management: protocol for a feasibility study. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 1:32. [DOI: ]
Preston 2017 {published data only}
    1. Preston E, Dean CM, Ada L, Stanton R, Brauer S, Kuys S, et al. Promoting physical activity after stroke via self-management: a feasibility study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2017;24(5):353-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1304876] - DOI - PubMed
RECREATE 2018 {published data only}
    1. Forster A, Clarke D, Fitzsimons C, Birch K, Farrin A, Patel A, et al. The reducing sedentary behaviour after stroke study (recreate): development and evaluation of an intervention to improve outcomes. International Journal of Stroke 2018;13(2 Suppl 1):90. [DOI: ]
    1. ISRCTN12246326. Feasibility study of an intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in people after stroke [Feasibility study of an intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in people after stroke, part of the research programme: Reducing sedentary behaviour after stroke]. Available from isrctn.com/ISRCTN12246326 (first submitted 9 July 2019).
Reinthal 2012 {published data only}
    1. Reinthal A, Szirony K, Clark C, Swiers J, Kellicker M, Linder S. ENGAGE: guided activity-based gaming in neurorehabilitation after stroke: a pilot study. Stroke Research and Treatment 2012;2012:12. - PMC - PubMed
ReTRAIN trial 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dean S, Calitri R, Shepherd A, Hollands L, Poltawski L, James M, et al. Community-based Rehabilitation Training after stroke (ReTrain): results of a pilot randomised control trial (RCT). International Journal of Stroke 2016;11(4 Suppl 1):13. [DOI: ]
    1. Dean SG, Poltawski L, Forster A, Taylor RS, Spencer A, James, M, et al. Community-based rehabilitation training after stroke: Results of a pilot randomised controlled trial (ReTrain) investigating acceptability and feasibility. BMJ Open 2018;8(2):e018409. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dean SG, Poltawski L, Forster A, Taylor RS, Spencer A, James M, et al. Community-based Rehabilitation Training after stroke: protocol of a pilot randomised controlled trial (ReTrain). BMJ Open 2016;6(10):e012375. - PMC - PubMed
Rosbergen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rosbergen I, Grimley RS, Hayward KS, Walker KC, Rowley D, Campbell AM, et al. Are the effects of an enriched environment on patient activity sustained over time in an acute stroke unit? International Journal of stroke 2017;12(3 Supplement 1):13-14. [DOI: ]
Ruescas Nicolau 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ruescas-Nicolau MA, Sanchez-Sanchez ML, Espi-Lopez GV, Marques-Sule E, Perez-Miralles JA, Viosca-Herrero E, et al. Effect of a combined cardiovascular/task-oriented interval training programme on walking capacity in chronic stroke subjects. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2015;39 Suppl 2:322.
Saggini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Saggini R, Di Stefano A, Capogrosso F, Carmignano SM, D'Ettole S, Iodice P, et al. Task-oriented physical exercise using postural re-alignment with body weight support in chronic stroke. European Journal of Inflammation 2013;11(3):739-49.
Schröder 2018 {published data only}
    1. Schröder H, Cárdenas-Fuentes G, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Vioque J, Romaguera D, et al. Effectiveness of the physical activity intervention program in the PREDIMED-Plus study: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2018;15(1):110. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0741-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Simpson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Simpson D, Breslin M, Cumming T, English C, Gall S, Schmidt M, et al. Go home, sit less. the effect of home versus rehabilitation environment on activity levels of stroke survivors. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(3 Suppl 1):13. [DOI: ]
    1. Simpson D, Breslin M, De Zoete S, Cumming T, Gall S, Schmidt M, et al. The effect of home versus rehabilitation environment on activity levels of stroke survivors: go home and sit less. European Stroke Journal 2018;3(1 Suppl 1):200. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Sjoholm 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sjoholm A, Skarin M, Linden T, Bernhardt J. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity within stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012;26(6):764. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968312449454] - DOI
Song 2015 {published data only}
    1. Song HS, Kim JY, Park SD. The effect of class-based task-oriented circuit training on the self-satisfaction of patients with chronic stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(1):127-9. - PMC - PubMed
STANDFIRM trial 2017a {published data only}
    1. Cadilhac DA, Thrift AG, Srikanth VK, Nelson MR, Kim J, Fitzgerald SM, et al. The standfirm trial: a double-blind, cluster randomised-controlled trial of long-term risk factor management in survivors of stroke. International Journal of Stroke 2012;7 Suppl 1:58. - PubMed
    1. Olaiya M, Cadhilac D, Kim J, Nelson M, Srikanth V, Bladin C, et al. Knowledge of risk factors in patients with stroke or TIA: shared team approach between nurses and doctors for improved risk factor management (STANDFIRM). International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 3:45.
    1. Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Bladin CF, et al. Goals for cardiometabolic risk factors are still not being attained in the long term after stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Circulation 2016;133 Suppl 1:AP322.
    1. Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Gerraty RP, et al. Community-based intervention to improve cardiometabolic targets in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2017;48(9):2504-10. - PubMed
    1. Olaiya MT, Kim J, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Bladin C, Gerraty RP, et al. Shared team approach between nurses and doctors for improved risk factor management (STANDFIRM): primary outcome of a cluster RCT in general practice. International Journal of Stroke 2015;10 Suppl 2:15.
STARFISH PILOT 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dybus A, Paul L, Wyke S, Brewster S, Alexander G, Gill J, et al. Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application: a feasibility study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;37 Suppl 1:299. [DOI: 10.1159/000362854] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dybus A, Paul L, Wyke S, Brewster S, Gill JMR, Ramsay A, et al. Validation of smartphone stepcount algorithm used in STARFISH smartphone application. Technology and Health Care 2017;25(6):1157-62. - PubMed
    1. NCT01792349. Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH [Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application: a feasibility study]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01792349 (first submitted 15 February 2013).
    1. Paul L, Wyke S, Brewster S, Sattar N, Gill JMR, Alexander G, et al. Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2016;23(3):170-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2015.1122266] - DOI - PubMed
Sun 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sun J, Goldmann E, Parikh NS, Appleton N, Boden-Albala B. Physical activity among stroke patients in the discharge educational strategies for reduction of vascular events (deserve) study. Stroke 2018;49 Suppl 1:TMP111. - PMC - PubMed
Thayabaranthan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Thayabaranthan T, Cadilhac DA, Srikanth VK, Nelson MR, Kim J, Fitzgerald SM, et al. Feasibility of a double-blind, cluster randomized-controlled trial of long-term risk factor management in survivors of stroke. International Journal of Stroke 2012;7 Suppl 1:8. - PubMed
Toledano Zarhi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Toledano A, Katz-Leurer M, Carmeli E, Kamerman T, Merzeliak O, Adler Y, et al. A pilot randomized clinical trial of an early supervised aerobic exercise training program after minor ischemic strokes. Stroke 2009;40(4):e252.
    1. Toledano-Zarhi A, Tanne D, Carmeli E, Katz-Leurer M. Feasibility, safety and efficacy of an early aerobic rehabilitation program for patients after minor ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation 2011;28:85-90. - PubMed
Verma 2011 {published data only}
    1. Verma R, Arya KN, Garg RK, Singh T. Task-oriented circuit class training program with motor imagery for gait rehabilitation in poststroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2011;18 Suppl 1:620-32. - PubMed
Vloothuis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Vloothuis J, Mulder M, Nijland RH, Konijnenbelt M, Mulder H, Hertogh CM. Caregiver-mediated exercises with e-health support for early supported discharge after stroke (CARE4STROKE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2015;15:193. - PMC - PubMed
Wright 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wright H, Wright T, Pohlig RT, Kasner SE, Raser-Schramm J, Reisman D. Protocol for promoting recovery optimization of walking activity in stroke (PROWALKS): a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2018;18(1):39. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1044-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yang YR, Wang RY, Chen YC, Kao, MJ. Dual-task exercise improves walking ability in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;88:1236-40. - PubMed
Yen 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT03292211. The effect of early mobilization in mild to moderate hemorrhagic stroke [Comparing the benefits of functional recovery between the early mobilization and early conventional intervention after stroke for the patients with mild to moderate hemorrhagic stroke]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03292211 (first submitted 25 September 2017).
    1. Yen HC, Jeng JS, Chen WS, Pan GS, Chuang Pt Bs WY, Lee YY, Teng T. Early mobilization of mild-moderate intracerebral hemorrhage patients in a stroke center: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair 2020;34(1):72-81. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968319893294] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Aguiar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aguiar L, Nadeau S, Britto R, Teixeira-Salmela L, Martins J, Quintino L, et al. Effects of aerobic training on physical activity in people with stroke: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2018;13(2 Suppl 1):175. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493018789543] - DOI
    1. Aguiar LT, Nadeau S, Britto RR, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Martins JC, Morais Faria CD. Effects of aerobic training on physical activity in people with stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):1-8. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2823-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02798237. Effects of aerobic training post-stroke [Effects of aerobic training on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior in subjects post-stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02798237 (first submitted 14 June 2016).
AVERT II 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Collier J, Thrift A, Lindley R, Moodie M, et al. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). International Journal of Stroke 2006;1:169-71. - PubMed
    1. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Collier J, Donnan G. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial for Stroke (AVERT): Phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke 2008;39:390-6. - PubMed
    1. Cumming TB, Thrift AG, Collier JM, Churilov L, Dewey HM, Donnan GA, et al. Very early mobilization after stroke fast‐tracks return to walking. Further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2011;42:153-8. - PubMed
    1. Sorbello D, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Thrift AG, Collier JM, Donnan G, et al. Very early mobilisation and complications in the first 3 months after stroke: further results from Phase II of A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Cerebrovascular Diseases 2009;28:378-83. - PubMed
AVERT III 2015 {published data only}12606000185561
    1. ACTRN12606000185561. AVERT III. anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=1266 (first received 7 May 2006).
    1. AVERT Trial Collaboration group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;386:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60690-0] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01846247. A very early rehabilitation trial (AVERT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01846247 (first received 3 May 2013).
Grau‐Pellicer 2020 {published data only}
    1. Grau-Pellicer M, Lalanza JF, Jovell-Fernández E, Capdevila L. Impact of mHealth technology on adherence to healthy PA after stroke: a randomized study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2020;27(5):354-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2019.1691816] - DOI - PubMed
HEPAP 2012 {published data only}
    1. Faulker J, Stoner L, Lanford J, Jolliffe E, Lambrick D. Long-term effect of early exercise engagement on clinical outcomes and cost implications, in patients with TIA and non-disabling stroke. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 4:23. - PubMed
    1. Faulkner J, Lambrick D, Woolley B, Stoner L, Wong L, McGonigal G. Health-enhancing physical activity programme (HEPAP) for transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke: recruitment and compliance. New Zealand Medical Journal 2012;125(1364):68-76. - PubMed
    1. Faulkner J, McGonigal G. The effect of a health enhancing physical activity programme on transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke: the methodological design of a randomised controlled pilot trial. Proceedings of the Physiological Society 2011;23:PC320.
    1. Faulkner J, Woolley B, Wong L K, McGonigal G. A Health Enhancing Physical Activity Programme (HEPAP) on transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and non-disabling stroke: feasibility of participant recruitment. International Journal of Stroke 2011;6 Suppl 1:8-9.
ISRCTN82280581 {published data only}82280581
    1. ISRCTN82280581. Reducing sedentary behaviour after stroke [A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of an intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in stroke survivors incorporating an internal pilot phase and embedded process evaluation]. Available from isrctn.com/ISRCTN82280581 (first submitted 17 February 2020).
Jovic 2017 {published data only}
    1. Jovic E, Bird ML, Cannell J, Rathjen A, Lane K, Tyson A, et al. Can interactive, motion-capture-based rehabilitation in an inpatient stroke population increase physical activity levels for people undergoing rehabilitation for stroke? International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(3 Suppl 1):54. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017720548] - DOI
Martins 2017 {published data only}
    1. Martins JC, Aguiar LT, Nadeau S, Scianni AA, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Faria C. Efficacy of task-specific training on physical activity levels of people with stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2017;97(6):640-8. - PubMed
PHYS‐STROKE 2014 {published data only}
    1. Floel A, Werner C, Grittner U, Hesse S, Jobges M, Knauss J, et al. Physical fitness training in subacute stroke (PHYS-STROKE) - study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014;15(1):1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-45] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
PREVENT Trial 2010 {published data only}
    1. MacKay-Lyons M, Gubitz G, Giacomantonio N, Wightman H, Marsters D, Thompson K, et al. Program of rehabilitative exercise and education to avert vascular events after non-disabling stroke or transient ischemic attack (PREVENT Trial): a multi-centred, randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2010;Dec 8; 10:122. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-122.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00885456. Program of Rehabilitative Exercise and Education to Avert Vascular Events After Non-disabling Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Multi-site RCT [Effectiveness of a Program of Rehabilitative Exercise and Education to Avert Vascular Events After Non-disabling Stroke: A Multi-site RCT]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00885456 (first received 22 April 2009 ).
REHAB 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT00431821. Reshaping exercise habits and beliefs (REHAB) [Reshaping exercise habits and beliefs (REHAB): pilot testing of a behavioral intervention to improve mobility after stroke]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00431821 (first submitted 6 February 2007).
    1. Shaughnessy M, Stookey A. Reshaping exercise habits and beliefs (REHAB): a randomized trial of home-based exercise in sub-acute stroke. Stroke 2012;43(2 Meeting Abstracts):ANS11.
Sajatovic 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sajatovic M, Tatsuoka C, Welter E, Colon-Zimmermann K, Blixen C, Perzynski AT, et al. A targeted self-management approach for reducing stroke risk factors in African American men who have had a stroke or transient ischemic attack. American Journal of Health Promotion 2018;32(2):282-93. - PMC - PubMed
SUCCEED 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lin AM, Vickrey BG, Barry F, Lee ML, Ayala-Rivera M, Cheng E, et al. Factors associated with participation in the chronic disease self-management program: findings from the SUCCEED trial. Stroke 2020;51(10):2910-7. [DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028022] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tyson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tyson A, Schmidt M, Cannell J, Moles E, Rathjen A, Lane K, et al. The effect of movement controlled games-based stroke rehabilitation platform on activity levels during therapy. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(2 Suppl 1):24. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017714154] - DOI
VERITAS 2008 {published data only}23817752
    1. ISRCTN23817752. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke (VERITAS) [Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke (VERITAS): a pilot randomised controlled trial]. Available from isrctn.com/ISRCTN23817752 (first submitted 27 August 2008).
    1. Langhorne P, Knight A, Stott DJ, Bernhardt J, Barer D, Watkins C. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke (VERITAS): pilot randomised trial. International Journal of Stroke 2008;3 Suppl 1:241. - PubMed
    1. Langhorne P, Knight A, Stott DJ, Bernhardt J, Watkins CL, Barer D. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke (VERITAS): a pilot randomised trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008;25 Suppl 2:168. - PubMed
    1. Langhorne P, Stott D, Knight A, Bernhardt J, Barer D, Watkins C. Very early rehabilitation or intensive telemetry after stroke: a pilot randomised trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2010;29(4):352-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000278931] - DOI - PubMed
Zhao 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zhao F, Wang L, Tian G, Zhou J, Han J. Early rehabilitation intervention promoting ability of daily living in acute stroke patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7(5):851.

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12613000744752 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000744752. The stroke-IMPACT trial (Improving Physical Activity via Treadmill Training): a single blinded randomised controlled trial [In stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation, does high intensity treadmill training embedded in a self-management approach result in increased levels of physical activity at 8 and 26 weeks compared to usual physiotherapy care]. Available from anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364507&isReview... (date submitted 27 June 2013).
    1. Brauer SG, Kuys SS, Paratz JD, Ada L. Improving physical activity after stroke via treadmill training and self management (IMPACT): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2018;18(1):13. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brauer SG, Kuys SS, Waters L, Paratz JD, Ada L. The stroke-IMPACT trial (Improving Physical Activity via Treadmill Training): a single blinded randomised controlled trial protocol. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 1:46. [DOI: ]
ACTRN12616000325404 2016 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000325404. Promoting physical activity after stroke via self-management: a pilot randomised trial [Promoting physical activity after stroke via self-management: a pilot randomised trial]. Available from anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370208 (first submitted 25 February 2016 ).
NCT03873467 {published data only}
    1. NCT03873467. Group Lifestyle Balance™ for individuals with stroke (GLB-CVA) [Efficacy of an evidence-based healthy lifestyle intervention for people following CVA]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03873467 (first submitted 7 March 2019).
NCT04011202 {published data only}
    1. NCT04011202. Virtual reality, mood, and sedentary behaviour after stroke [Virtual reality, mood, and sedentary behaviour after stroke]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04011202 (first submitted 3 July 2019).
NCT04069767 {published data only}
    1. NCT04069767. Innovative physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation [Innovative physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation during the subacute stage - a prospective randomized single blinded controlled trial and a qualitative study]. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04069767 (first submitted 28 August 2019).

Additional references

Ainsworth 2011
    1. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett Jr DR, Tudor-Locke C, et al. Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2011;43(8):1575-81. - PubMed
Bailey 2015
    1. Bailey DP, Locke CD. Breaking up prolonged sitting with light-intensity walking improves postprandial glycemia, but breaking up sitting with standing does not. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2015;18(3):294-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.03.008] - DOI - PubMed
Bergouignan 2011
    1. Bergouignan A, Rudwill F, Simon C, Blanc S. Physical inactivity as the culprit of metabolic inflexibility: evidence from bed-rest studies. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011;111(4):1201-10. - PubMed
Bernhardt 2017
    1. Bernhardt J, Hayward KS, Kwakkel G. Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable taskforce. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(5):444-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017711816] - DOI - PubMed
Billinger 2014
    1. Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, Eng JJ, Franklin BA, Johnson CM, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014;45(8):2532-53. - PubMed
Biswas 2015
    1. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015;162(2):123-32. - PubMed
BLTTC 2008
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