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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Apr 22;4(4):CD013668.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013668.pub2.

Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults

Katrina G Witt  1   2 , Sarah E Hetrick  3 , Gowri Rajaram  1   2 , Philip Hazell  4 , Tatiana L Taylor Salisbury  5 , Ellen Townsend  6 , Keith Hawton  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults

Katrina G Witt et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Self-harm (SH; intentional self-poisoning or self-injury regardless of degree of suicidal intent or other types of motivation) is a growing problem in most counties, often repeated, and associated with suicide. There has been a substantial increase in both the number of trials and therapeutic approaches of psychosocial interventions for SH in adults. This review therefore updates a previous Cochrane Review (last published in 2016) on the role of psychosocial interventions in the treatment of SH in adults.

Objectives: To assess the effects of psychosocial interventions for self-harm (SH) compared to comparison types of care (e.g. treatment-as-usual, routine psychiatric care, enhanced usual care, active comparator) for adults (aged 18 years or older) who engage in SH.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Specialised Register, the Cochrane Library (Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL] and Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews [CDSR]), together with MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and PsycINFO (to 4 July 2020).

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interventions of specific psychosocial treatments versus treatment-as-usual (TAU), routine psychiatric care, enhanced usual care (EUC), active comparator, or a combination of these, in the treatment of adults with a recent (within six months of trial entry) episode of SH resulting in presentation to hospital or clinical services. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a repeated episode of SH over a maximum follow-up period of two years. Secondary outcomes included treatment adherence, depression, hopelessness, general functioning, social functioning, suicidal ideation, and suicide.

Data collection and analysis: We independently selected trials, extracted data, and appraised trial quality. For binary outcomes, we calculated odds ratio (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For continuous outcomes, we calculated mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs. The overall quality of evidence for the primary outcome (i.e. repetition of SH at post-intervention) was appraised for each intervention using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included data from 76 trials with a total of 21,414 participants. Participants in these trials were predominately female (61.9%) with a mean age of 31.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 11.7 years). On the basis of data from four trials, individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based psychotherapy may reduce repetition of SH as compared to TAU or another comparator by the end of the intervention (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.02; N = 238; k = 4; GRADE: low certainty evidence), although there was imprecision in the effect estimate. At longer follow-up time points (e.g., 6- and 12-months) there was some evidence that individual CBT-based psychotherapy may reduce SH repetition. Whilst there may be a slightly lower rate of SH repetition for dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) (66.0%) as compared to TAU or alternative psychotherapy (68.2%), the evidence remains uncertain as to whether DBT reduces absolute repetition of SH by the post-intervention assessment. On the basis of data from a single trial, mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) reduces repetition of SH and frequency of SH by the post-intervention assessment (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.73; N = 134; k = 1; GRADE: high-certainty evidence). A group-based emotion-regulation psychotherapy may also reduce repetition of SH by the post-intervention assessment based on evidence from two trials by the same author group (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.88; N = 83; k = 2; moderate-certainty evidence). There is probably little to no effect for different variants of DBT on absolute repetition of SH, including DBT group-based skills training, DBT individual skills training, or an experimental form of DBT in which participants were given significantly longer cognitive exposure to stressful events. The evidence remains uncertain as to whether provision of information and support, based on the Suicide Trends in At-Risk Territories (START) and the SUicide-PREvention Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal behaviors (SUPRE-MISS) models, have any effect on repetition of SH by the post-intervention assessment. There was no evidence of a difference for psychodynamic psychotherapy, case management, general practitioner (GP) management, remote contact interventions, and other multimodal interventions, or a variety of brief emergency department-based interventions.

Authors' conclusions: Overall, there were significant methodological limitations across the trials included in this review. Given the moderate or very low quality of the available evidence, there is only uncertain evidence regarding a number of psychosocial interventions for adults who engage in SH. Psychosocial therapy based on CBT approaches may result in fewer individuals repeating SH at longer follow-up time points, although no such effect was found at the post-intervention assessment and the quality of evidence, according to the GRADE criteria, was low. Given findings in single trials, or trials by the same author group, both MBT and group-based emotion regulation therapy should be further developed and evaluated in adults. DBT may also lead to a reduction in frequency of SH. Other interventions were mostly evaluated in single trials of moderate to very low quality such that the evidence relating to the use of these interventions is inconclusive at present.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00081367 NCT01342809 NCT02505373 NCT01081314 NCT01308151 NCT00736918 NCT00664872 NCT00183651 NCT00154154 NCT01193205 NCT00700089 NCT01176929 NCT01355848 NCT02414763 NCT01123174 NCT01512602 NCT03720730 NCT02004145 NCT01334541 NCT02914847 NCT00714311 NCT02936700 NCT03114917 NCT03011190 NCT03488602 NCT01356186 NCT01473771 NCT02718248 NCT01901887 NCT01689909 NCT00218725 NCT00601939 NCT00603421 NCT00641498 NCT00980824 NCT01359761 NCT01823120 NCT01952405 NCT02227160 NCT02299440 NCT02522143 NCT02742922 NCT03300596 NCT03376113 NCT03489382 NCT03533075 NCT03600532 NCT03943862 NCT03373916 NCT02038075 NCT02685943 NCT02377011 NCT02326883 NCT02985047 NCT00533117 NCT00834834 NCT02106949 NCT02664701 NCT02387736 NCT02060448 NCT02354183 NCT03081078 NCT03185026 NCT03427190 NCT03463980 NCT03541824 NCT03732300 NCT03853382 NCT03894462 NCT04072666 NCT04168645 NCT04191122 NCT04244786 NCT04284085 NCT04343703 NCT04366466 NCT04420546.

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Conflict of interest statement

KGW: is an editor for the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group, and senior editor for the Self‐Harm and Suicide Satellite of the group. SEH: is the joint co‐ordinating editor of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group. She is funded by an Auckland Medical Research Foundation Douglas Goodfellow Repatriation Fellowship to develop and test a digital intervention for young people who engage in self‐harm. She is the Principal Clinical Advisor of the Suicide Prevention Office of the Ministry of Health for the New Zealand Government. GR: no declarations of interest to report in relation to this review PH: no declarations of interest to report in relation to this review TLTS: no declarations of interest to report in relation to this review ET: no declarations of interest to report in relation to this review KH: no declarations of interest to report in relation to this review

Figures

1
1
Study Flow Diagram
2
2
Summary of 'Risk of bias' assessments
3
3
Results of 'Risk of bias' assessments for each study
4
4
Funnel plot: CBT‐based psychotherapy on repetition of SH at six‐months.
5
5
Funnel plot: CBT‐based psychotherapy on repetition of SH at 12‐months.
6
6
Funnel plot: CBT‐based psychotherapy on suicide deaths by final follow‐up.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 2: Repetition of SH at six months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 3: Repetition of SH at 12 months
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 4: Repetition of SH at 24 months
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 5: Frequency of SH at post‐intervention
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 6: Frequency of SH at six months
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 7: Time to SH repetition
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 8: Depression scores at post‐intervention
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 9: Depression scores at six months
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 10: Depression scores at 12 months
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 11: Depression scores at 24 months
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 12: Hopelessness scores at post‐intervention
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 13: Hopelessness scores at six months
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 14: Hopelessness scores at 12 months
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 15: Suicidal ideation scores at post‐intervention
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 16: Suicidal ideation scores at six months
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 17: Proportion reporting suicidal ideation
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 18: Suicide deaths by final follow‐up
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 19: Repetition of SH at 12 months (by repeater status)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH by post‐intervention
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 2: Repetition of SH by 12 months
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 3: Frequency of SH by post‐intervention
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 4: Treatment adherence: Proportion completing treatment
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 5: Depression scores by post‐intervention
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 6: Suicidal ideation scores by post‐intervention
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 7: Suicide deaths by post‐intervention
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 8: Suicide deaths by 12 months
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: DBT, Outcome 9: Suicide deaths by 24 months
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Group‐based emotion‐regulation psychotherapy, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Group‐based emotion‐regulation psychotherapy, Outcome 2: Frequency of repetition of SH at post‐intervention
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Group‐based emotion‐regulation psychotherapy, Outcome 3: Depression scores at post‐intervention
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Case management, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Case management, Outcome 2: Suicide deaths at post‐intervention
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Remote contact interventions: Emergency cards, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Remote contact interventions: Emergency cards, Outcome 2: Repetition of SH at 12 months
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 2: Repetition of SH at 12 months
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 3: Frequency of SH at post‐intervention
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 4: Frequency of SH at 12 months
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 5: Frequency of SH at 24 months
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Remote contact interventions: Postcards, Outcome 6: Suicide deaths at post‐intervention
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Remote contact interventions: Telephone‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Remote contact interventions: Telephone‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 2: Depression scores at post‐intervention
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Remote contact interventions: Telephone‐based psychotherapy, Outcome 3: Suicide deaths at post‐intervention
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Provision of information and support, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Provision of information and support, Outcome 2: Suicide deaths at post‐intervention
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Other multimodal interventions, Outcome 1: Repetition of SH at post‐intervention
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Other multimodal interventions, Outcome 2: Time to SH repetition
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Other multimodal interventions, Outcome 3: Depression scores at post‐intervention
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Other multimodal interventions, Outcome 4: Hopelessness scores at post‐intervention
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Other multimodal interventions, Outcome 5: Suicide deaths at post‐intervention
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013668

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Kawanishi 2014 {published and unpublished data}
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    1. Kawanishi C, Aruga T, Ishizuka N, Yonemoto N, Otsuka K, Kamijo Y, et al. Assertive case management versus enhanced usual care for people with mental health problems who had attempted suicide and were admitted to hospital emergency departments in Japan (ACTIONJ): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2014;1:193-201. - PubMed
    1. Norimoto K, Ikeshita K, Kishimoto T, Okuchi K, Yonemoto N, Sugimoto T, et al. Effect of assertive case management intervention on suicide attempters with comorbid Axis I and II psychiatric diagnoses: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20:311. - PMC - PubMed
Liberman 1981 {published data only}
    1. Liberman RP, Eckman T. Behavior therapy vs insight-oriented therapy for repeated suicide attempters. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981;38:1126-30. - PubMed
Lin 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lin Y-C, Liu S-I, Chen S-C, Sun F-J, Huang H-C, Huang C-R, et al. Brief cognitive-based psychosocial intervention and case management for suicide attempters discharged from the emergency department in Taipei, Taiwan: a randomized controlled study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2020;50:688-705. - PubMed
Linehan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Linehan MM, Armstrong HE, Suarez A, Allmon D, Heard HL. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48:1060-4. - PubMed
    1. Linehan MM, Heard HL, Armstrong HE. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry 1993;50:971-4. - PubMed
Linehan 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bedics JD, Atkins DC, Comtois JA, Linehan MM. Treatment differences in the therapeutic relationship and introject during a 2-year randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus non-behavioral psychotherapy experts for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80:66-77. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bedics JD, Atkins DC, Harned MS, Linehan MM. The therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome in dialectical behavior therapy versus nonbehavioral psychotherapy by experts for borderline personality disorder. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 2015;52:67-77. - PubMed
    1. Coyle TN, Shaver JA, Linehan MM. On the potential for iatrogenic effects of psychiatric crisis services: the example of dialectical behavior therapy for adult women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2018;86:116-24. - PubMed
    1. Harned MS, Chapman AL, Dexter-Mazza ET, Murray A, Comtois KA, Linehan MM. Treating co-occurring axis I disorders in recurrently suicidal women with borderline personality disorder: a 2-year randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76:1068-75. - PubMed
    1. Harned MS, Chapman AL, Dexter-Mazza ET, Murray A, Comtois KA, Linehan MM. Treating co-occurring axis I disorders in recurrently suicidal women with borderline personality disorder: a 2-year randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment 2009;5:35-45. - PubMed
Linehan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kuehn KS, King KM, Linehan MM, Harned MS. Modeling the suicidal behavior cycle: understanding repeated suicide attempts among individuals with borderline personality disorder and a history of attempting suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2020;88:570-81. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Linehan MM, Korslund KE, Harned MS, Gallop RJ, Lungu A, Neacsiu AD, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:475-82. - PubMed
    1. Wilks CR, Korslund KE, Harned M, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy and domains of functioning over two years. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2016;77:162-9. - PMC - PubMed
Linehan 2015a {published data only}
    1. Linehan MM, Korslund KE, Harned MS, Gallop RJ, Lungu A, Neacsiu AD, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:475-82. - PubMed
    1. Kuehn KS, King KM, Linehan MM, Harned MS. Modeling the suicidal behavior cycle: understanding repeated suicide attempts among individuals with borderline personality disorder and a history of attempting suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2020;88:570-81. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilks CR, Korslund KE, Harned M, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy and domains of functioning over two years. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2016;77:162-9. - PMC - PubMed
Linehan 2015b {published data only}
    1. Linehan MM, Korslund KE, Harned MS, Gallop RJ, Lungu A, Neacsiu AD, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:475-82. - PubMed
    1. Kuehn KS, King KM, Linehan MM, Harned MS. Modeling the suicidal behavior cycle: understanding repeated suicide attempts among individuals with borderline personality disorder and a history of attempting suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2020;88:570-81. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wilks CR, Korslund KE, Harned M, Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy and domains of functioning over two years. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2016;77:162-9. - PMC - PubMed
Marasinghe 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Marasinghe RB, Edirippulige S, Kavanagh D, Smith A, Jiffry MTM. Effect of mobile phone-based psychotherapy in suicide prevention: a randomized controlled trial in Sri Lanka. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2012;18:151-5. - PubMed
    1. Marasinghe RB. Evaluation of a Brief Inpatient and Community Intervention to Address Suicide Risk in Sri Lanka Using Mobile Phones [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, QLD: The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, 2012.
McAuliffe 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. McAuliffe C, McLeavey BC, Fitzgerald T, Corcoran P, Carroll B, Ryan L, et al. Group problem-solving skills training for self-harm: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2014;204:383-90. - PubMed
McLeavey 1994 {published data only}
    1. McLeavey B, Daly R, Ludgate J, Murray C. Interpersonal problem-solving skills training in the treatment of self-poisoning patients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1994;24:382-94. - PubMed
McMain 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Boritz T, Barnhart R, McMain SF. The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment outcomes of patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders 2016;30:395-407. - PubMed
    1. Case BG. Dialectical behavior therapy versus general psychiatric management in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010;167:475. - PubMed
    1. McMain SF, Fitzpatrick S, Boritz T, Barnhart R, Links P, Streiner DL. Outcome trajectories and prognostic factors for suicide and self-harm behaviors in patients with borderline personality disorder following one year of outpatient psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Disorders 2018;32:497-512. - PubMed
    1. McMain SF, Guimond T, Streiner DL, Cardish RJ, Links PS. Dialectical behavior therapy compared with general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder: clinical outcomes and functioning over a 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 2012;169:650-61. - PubMed
    1. McMain SF, Links PS, Gnam WH, Guimond T, Cardish RJ, Korman L, et al. A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009;166:1365-74. - PubMed
McMain 2017 {published data only}
    1. Krantz LH, McMain S, Kuo JR. The unique contribution of acceptance without judgment in predicting nonsuicidal self-injury after 20-weeks of dialectical behaviour therapy group skills training. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2018;104:44-50. - PubMed
    1. McMain SF, Guimond T, Barnhart R, Habinski L, Streiner DL. A randomized trial of brief dialectical behaviour therapy skills training in suicide patients suffering from borderline disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2017;135:138-48. - PubMed
    1. Stratton N, Mendoza Alvarez M, Labrish C, Barnhart R, McMain S. Predictors of dropout from a 20-week dialectical behavior therapy skills group for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders 2018;32:391-406. - PubMed
Morgan 1993 {published data only}
    1. Morgan HG, Jones EM, Owen JH. Secondary prevention of non-fatal deliberate self-harm. The green card study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;163:111-2. - PubMed
Morthorst 2012 {published data only}
    1. Morthorst B, Krogh J, Erlangsen A, Alberdi F, Nordentoft M. Effect of assertive outreach after suicide attempt in the AID (Assertive Intervention for Deliberate self-harm) trial: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 2012;345:e4972. - PMC - PubMed
Mouaffak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mouaffak F, Marchand A, Castaigne E, Arnoux A, Hardy P. OSTA program: a French follow up intervention program for suicide prevention. Psychiatry Research 2015;230:913-8. - PubMed
Mousavi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mousavi SG, Amini M, Mahaki B, Bagherian-Sarariudi R. Effect of phone call versus face-to-face follow-up on recurrent suicide prevention in individuals with a history of multiple suicide attempts. Advanced Biomedical Research 2016;5:184. - PMC - PubMed
Mousavi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mousavi SG, Tehrani MN, Maracy M. The effect of active treatment and visit compared to conventional treatment, on preventing recurrent suicidal attempts: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Advanced Biomedical Research 2017;6:38. - PMC - PubMed
Naidoo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Naidoo SS, Gathiram P, Schlebusch L. Effectiveness of a buddy intervention support programme for suicidal behaviour in a primary care setting. South African Family Practice 2014;56:263-70.
O'Connor 2015 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor SS, Comtois KA, Wang J, Russo J, Peterson R, Lapping-Carr L, et al. The development and implementation of a brief intervention for medically admitted suicide attempt survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry 2015;37:427-33. - PMC - PubMed
O'Connor 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN99488269
    1. O'Connor RC, Ferguson E, Scott F, Smyth R, McDaid D, Park A-L. A brief psychological intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm in patient admitted to hospital following a suicide attempt: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4:451-60. - PMC - PubMed
O'Connor 2020 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor SS, McClay MM, Choudhry S, Shields AD, Carlson R, Alonso Y. Pilot randomized clinical trial of the teachable moment brief intervention for hospitalized suicide attempt survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry 2020;63:111-8. - PubMed
Owens 2020 {published data only}ISRCTN54036115
    1. Collinson M, Owens D, Blenkiron P, Burton K, Graham L, Hatcher S, et al. MIDSHIPS: Multicentre Intervention Designed for Self-Harm using Interpersonal Problem-Solving: protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study. Trials 2014;15:163. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Owens D, Wright-Hughes A, Graham L, Blenkiron P, Burton K, Collinson M, et al. Problem-solving therapy rather than treatment as usual for adults after self-harm: a pragmatic, feasibility, randomised controlled trial (the MIDSHIPS trial). Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2020;6:119. - PMC - PubMed
Patsiokas 1985 {published data only}
    1. Patsiokas AT, Clum GA. Effects of psychotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of suicide attempters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 1985;22:281-90.
Priebe 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Priebe S, Bhatti N, Barnicot K, Bremner S, Gaglia A, Katsakou C, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy for self-harming patients with personality disorder: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic 2012;81:356-65. - PubMed
Sahin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sahin Z, Vinnars B, Gorman BS, Wilczek A, Åsberg M, Barber JP. Clinical severity as a moderator of outcome in psychodynamic and dialectical behavior therapies for borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders 2018;9:437-46. - PubMed
Salkovskis 1990 {published data only}
    1. Salkovskis PM, Atha C, Storer D. Cognitive-behavioural problem solving in the treatment of patients who repeatedly attempt suicide. A controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;157:871–6. - PubMed
Slee 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Slee N, Garnefski N, Van der Leeden R, Arensman E, Spinhoven P. Cognitive-behavioural intervention for self-harm: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008;192:202-11. - PubMed
Sreedaran 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sreedaran P, Beniwal RP, Chari U, Smitha TS, Vidhya SSV, Gupta V, et al. A randomized controlled trial to assess feasibility and acceptability of telephone-based psychosocial interventions in individuals who attempted suicide. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 2020;42:1-6. - PMC - PubMed
Stewart 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Stewart CD, Quinn A, Plever S, Emmerson B. Comparing cognitive behavior therapy, problem solving therapy, and treatment as usual in a high risk population. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2009;39:538-47. - PubMed
Tapolaa 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tapolaa V, Lappalainen R, Wahlström J. Brief intervention for deliberate self-harm: an exploratory study. Suicidology Online 2010;1:95-108.
Torhorst 1987 {published data only}
    1. Möller HJ. Efficacy of different strategies of aftercare for patients who have attempted suicide. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1989;82:643-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Torhorst A, Möller HJ, Bürk F, Kurz A, Wächtler C, Lauter H. The psychiatric management of parasuicide patients: a controlled clinical study comparing different strategies of outpatient treatment. Crisis 1987;8:53-61. - PubMed
Torhorst 1988 {published data only}
    1. Torhorst A, Möller HJ, Kurz A, Schmid-Bode W, Lauter H. Comparing a 3-month and a 12-month-outpatient aftercare program for parasuicide repeaters. In: Möller HJ, Schmidtke A, Welz R, editors(s). Current Issues of Suicidology. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1988:419–24.
Turner 2000 {published data only}
    1. Turner RM. Naturalistic evaluation of dialectical behavior therapy-oriented treatment for borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2000;7:413-9.
Tyrer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tyrer P, Thompson S, Schmidt U, Jones V, Knapp M, Davidson K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behaviour therapy versus treatment as usual in recurrent deliberate self-harm: the POPMACT study. Psychological Medicine 2003;33:969-76. - PubMed
Vaiva 2006 {published data only}
    1. Vaiva G, Ducrocq F, Meyer P, Mathieu D, Philippe A, Libersa C, et al. Effect of telephone contact on further suicide attempts in patients discharged from an emergency department: randomised controlled study. British Medical Journal 2006;332:1241-5. - PMC - PubMed
Vaiva 2018 {published data only}
    1. Demesmaeker A, Benard V, Leroy A, Vaiva G. Impacts of a brief contact intervention in suicide prevention on medical care consumptions [Impacts d'un système de veille en prévention du suicide sur les consommations de soins]. L'Encéphale 2019;45:S27-31. - PubMed
    1. Messiah A, Notredame C-E, Demarty A-L, Duhem S, Vaiva G. Combining green cards, telephone calls and postcards into an intervention algorithm to reduce suicide reattempt (AlgoS): p-hoc analyses of an inconclusive randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2019;14:e0210778. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vaiva G, Berrouiguet S, Walter M, Courtet P, Ducrocq F, Jardon V, et al. Combining postcards, crisis cards, and telephone contact into a decision-making algorithm to reduce suicide reattempt: a randomized clinical trial of a personalized brief contact intervention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2018;79:17m11631. - PubMed
Van der Sande 1997 {published data only}
    1. Van der Sande R, Buskens E, Van der Graaf Y, Van Rooijen E, Allart E, Van Engeland H. No measurable effect from general socio-psychiatric care for those attempting suicide: a randomized experiment [Geen meetbaar effect van algemene sociaal–psychiatrische nazorg voor suicidepogers; een gerandomiseerd experiment]. Nederlands Tijdschriftvoor de Geneeskunde 1998;142:2356.
    1. Van der Sande R, Van Rooijen L, Buskens E, Allart E, Hawton K, Van der Graaf Y, et al. Intensive in-patient and community intervention versus routine care after attempted suicide. A randomised controlled intervention study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;171:35-41. - PubMed
Van Heeringen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Van Heeringen C, Jannes S, Buylaert W, Hendrick H, De Bacquer D, Van Remoortel J. The management of noncompliance with referral to out-patient after-care among attempted suicide patients: a controlled intervention study. Psychological Medicine 1995;25:963-70. - PubMed
Walton 2020 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Walton CJ, Bendit N, Baker AL, Carter GL, Lewin TJ. A randomised trial of dialectical behaviour therapy and the conversational model for the treatment of borderline personality disorder with recent suicidal and/or non-suicidal self-injury: an effectiveness study in an Australian public mental health service. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2020;54:1020-34. - PubMed
Wang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y-C, Hsieh L-Y, Wang M-Y, Chou C-H, Huang M-W, Ko H-C. Coping card usage can further reduce suicide reattempt in suicide attempter case management within 3-month intervention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2016;46:106-20. - PubMed
Waterhouse 1990 {published data only}
    1. Waterhouse J, Platt S. General hospital admission in the management of parasuicide. A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;156:236–42. - PubMed
Wei 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wei S, Liu L, Bi B, Li H, Hou J, Tan S, et al. An intervention and follow-up study following a suicide attempt in the emergency departments of four general hospitals in Shenyang, China. Crisis 2013;34:107-15. - PubMed
Weinberg 2006 {published data only}
    1. Weinberg I, Gunderson JG, Hennen J, Cutter CJ. Manual assisted cognitive treatment for deliberate self-harm in borderline personality disorder patients. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006;20:482-92. - PubMed
Welu 1977 {published data only}
    1. Welu T. A follow-up program for suicide attempters: evaluation of effectiveness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1977;7:17-30. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Agyapong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Agyapong V, Behre T, Juhas M, Greenshaw A. Preventing self-harm and reducing suicidal ideation through an expediated regular supportive psychotherapy and assertive case management - protocol for a three-armed partial randomised controlled trial. European Psychiatry 2016;33S:S440.
Ahmed 2016 {published data only}ISRCTN76914248
    1. Ahmed N, John A, Islam S, Jones R, Anderson P, Davies C, et al. Investigating the feasibility of an enhanced contact intervention in self-harm and suicidal behaviour: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial delivering a Social support and Wellbeing Intervention following Self-Harm (SWISH). British Medical Journal Open 2016;6:e012043. - PMC - PubMed
Albuixech‐García 2020 {published data only}
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Andover 2015 {published data only}
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Andover 2017 {published data only}
    1. Andover MS, Schatten HT, Morris BW, Holman CS, Miller IW. An intervention for non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2017;85:620-31. - PMC - PubMed
Andreasson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Andreasson K, Krough J, Rosenbaum B, Gluud C, Jobes DA, Nordentoft M. The DiaS trial: Dialectical behavior therapy versus collaborative assessment and management of Suicidality on self-harm in patients with a recent suicide attempt and borderline personality disorder traits - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:194. - PMC - PubMed
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Andreoli 2019 {published data only}
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Barnes 2018 {published data only}
    1. Barnes MC, Haase AM, Bard AM, Donovan JL, Davies R, Dursley S, et al. HOPE: Help fOr PEople with money, employment, benefit or housing problems: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2017;3:44. - PMC - PubMed
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Barnhofer 2015 {published data only}ISRCTN97185214
    1. Barnhofer T, Crane C, Brennan K, Duggan DS, Crane RS, Eames C, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces the association between depressive symptoms and suicidal cognitions in patients with a history of suicidal depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2015;83:1013-20. - PMC - PubMed
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Bateman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bateman A, Constantinou MP, Fonagy P, Holzer S. Eight-year prospective follow-up of mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for people with borderline personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 2020 Jun 25 [EPub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1037/per0000422] - DOI - PubMed
Bentley 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bentley KH, Sauer-Zavala S, Cassiello-Robbins CF, Conklin LR, Vento S, Homer D. Treating suicidal thoughts and behaviors within an emotional disorders framework: acceptability and feasibility of the unified protocol in an inpatient setting. Behavior Modification 2017;41:529-57. - PubMed
Berrouiguet 2019 {published data only}
    1. Berrouiguet S, Barrigón ML, Castroman JL, Courtet P, Artés-Rodríguez A, Baca-García E. Combining mobile-health (mHealth) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods to avoid suicide attempts: the Smartcrises study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2019;19:277. - PMC - PubMed
Betz 2020 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Betz ME, Knoepke CE, Simpson S, Siry BJ, Clement A, Saunders T, et al. An interactive web-based lethal means safety decision aid for suicidal adults (Lock to Live): pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22:e16253. - PMC - PubMed
Bryan 2017a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Bryan CJ, May AM, Rozek DC, Williams SR, Clemans TA, Mintz J, et al. Use of crisis management interventions among suicidal patients: results of a randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety 2018;35:619-28. - PubMed
Bryan 2017b {published data only}
    1. Bryan CJ, Mintz J, Clemans TA, Leeson B, Burch S, Williams SR, et al. Effect of crisis response planning vs. contracts for safety on suicide risk in U.S. army soldiers: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 2017;212:64-72. - PubMed
Cebria 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cebrià AI, Pérez-Bonaventura I, Cuijpers P, Kerkhof A, Parra I, Escayola A, et al. Telephone management program for patients discharged from an emergency department after a suicide attempt: a 5-year follow-up study in a Spanish population. Crisis 2015;36(5):345-52. - PubMed
    1. Cebrià AI, Parra I, Pàmias M, Escayola A, García-Parés G, Puntí J, et al. Effectiveness of a telephone management programme for patients discharged from an emergency department after a suicide attempt: controlled study in a Spanish population. Journal of Affective Disorders 2013;147:269-76. - PubMed
Celano 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Celano CM, Beale EE, Mastromauro CA, Stewart JG, Millstein RA, Auerbach RP, et al. Psychological interventions to reduce suicidality in high-risk patients with major depression: a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2017;47(5):810-21. - PMC - PubMed
Currier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Currier GW, Brown GK, Brenner LA, Chesin M, Knox KL, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, et al. Rationale and study protocol for a two-part intervention: safety planning and structured follow-up among veterans at risk for suicide and discharged from the emergency department. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;43:179-84. - PubMed
Dassa 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Dassa D, Olie E, Courtet P, Ducasse D. Positive psychology for management of suicidal patients: a controlled trial. European Psychiatry 2018;48S:S446.
Davidson 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Davidson K, Norrie J, Tyrer P, Gumley A, Tata P, Murray H, et al. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: results from the borderline personality disorder study of cognitive therapy (BOSCOT) trial. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006;20:450-65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davidson K, Tyrer P, Gumley A, Tata P, Norrie J, Palmer S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: rationale for trial, method, and description of sample. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006;20:431-49. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davidson KM, Tyrer P, Norrie J, Palmer SJ, Tyrer H. Cognitive therapy v. usual treatment for borderline personality disorder: prospective 6-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry 2010;197:456-62. - PubMed
    1. Norrie J, Davidson K, Tata P, Gumley A. Influence of therapist competence and quantity of cognitive behavioural therapy on suicidal behaviour and inpatient hospitalisation in a randomised controlled trial in borderline personality disorder: further analyses of treatment effects in the BOSCOT study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 2013;86:280-93. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Palmer S, Davidson K, Tyrer P, Gumley A, Tata P, Norrie J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: results from the BOSCOT trial. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006;20:466-81. - PMC - PubMed
Dimeff 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dimeff LA, Jobes DA, Chalker SA, Piehl BM, Duvivier LL, Lok BC, et al. A novel engagement of suicidality in the emergency department: Virtual Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality. General Hospital Psychiatry 2020;63:119-26. - PubMed
Di Simplicio 2020 {published data only}
    1. Di Simplicio M, Appiah-Kusi E, Wilkinson P, Watson P, Meiser-Stedman C, Kavanagh DJ, et al. Imaginator: a proof-of-concept feasibility trial of a brief imagery-based psychological intervention for young people who self-harm. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2020;50:724-40. - PMC - PubMed
Dixon‐Gordon 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dixon KL, Chapman AL, Turner BJ. A preliminary pilot study comparing dialectical behavior therapy emotion regulation skills with interpersonal effectiveness skills and a control group treatment. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 2015;6:369-88.
Doering 2010 {published data only}
    1. Buchheim A, Hörz-Sagstetter S, Doering S, Rentrop M, Schuster P, Buchheim P, et al. Change of unresolved attachment in borderline personality disorder: RCT study of transference-focused psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2017;86:314-6. - PubMed
    1. Doering S, Hörz S, Rentrop M, Fischer-Kern M, Schuster P, Benecke C, et al. Transference-focused psychotherapy v. treatment by community psychotherapists for borderline personality disorder: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2010;196:389-95. - PubMed
Ducasse 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ducasse D, Jaussent I, Arpon-Brand V, Vienot M, Laglaoui C, Béziat S, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy for the management of suicidal patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2018;87:1-12. - PubMed
Exbrayat 2017 {published data only}
    1. Exbrayat S, Coudrot C, Gourdon X, Gay A, Sevos J, Pellet J, et al. Effect of telephone follow-up on repeated suicide attempt in patients discharged from an emergency psychiatry department: a controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:96. - PMC - PubMed
Franklin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Franklin JC, Fox KR, Franklin CR, Kleiman EM, Ribeiro JD, Jaroszewski AC, et al. A brief mobile app reduces nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury: evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84:544-57. - PubMed
Gabilondo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gabilondo A, Aristegi E, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Zurimendi JM, Mateos del Pinto M, Roca R, et al. Prevention of suicidal behaviour with telemedicine in patients with a recent suicide attempt: is a 6-month intervention long enough? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2020;50:211-9. - PubMed
Galfalvy 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Galfalvy H, Brodsky B, Oquendo M, Stanley B. Childhood maltreatment moderates antidepressant treatment response for self-injury in borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2017;81:S74.
Gooding 2020 {published data only}ISRCTN17776666
    1. Gooding PA, Pratt D, Awenat Y, Drake R, Elliott R, Emsley R, et al. A psychological intervention for suicide applied to non-affective psychosis: the CARMS (Cognitive AppRoaches to coMbatting Suicidality) randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20:306. - PMC - PubMed
Goodman 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Goodman M, Banthin D, Blair NJ, Mascitelli KA, Wilsnack J, Chen J, et al. A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy in high-risk suicidal veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2016;77:e1591-600. - PubMed
Goodman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Goodman M, Brown GK, Galfalvy HC, Page Spears A, Sullivan SR, Kapil-Pair KN, et al. Group ("Project Life Force") versus individual suicide safety planning: a randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2020;17:100520. - PMC - PubMed
Haddock 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}ISRCTN17890126
    1. Awenat YF, Peters S, Gooding PA, Pratt D, Shaw-Núñez E, Harris K, et al. A qualitative analysis of suicidal psychiatric inpatients views and expectations of psychological therapy to counter suicidal thoughts, acts and deaths. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:334. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Haddock G, Davies L, Evans E, Emsley R, Gooding P, Heaney L, et al. Investigating the feasibility and acceptability of a cognitive behavioural suicide prevention therapy for people in acute psychiatric wards (the 'INSITE' trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17:79. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Haddock G, Pratt D, Gooding PA, Peters S, Emsley R, Evans E, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of suicide prevention therapy on acute psychiatric wards: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry Open 2019;5:e14. - PMC - PubMed
Hashemi‐Aliabadi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hashemi-Aliabadi S, Jalali A, Rahmati M, Salari N. Group reminiscence for hope and resilience in care-seekers who have attempted suicide. Annals of General Psychiatry 2020;19:4. - PMC - PubMed
Hooley 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hooley JM, St Germain SA. Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: does changing self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury. Clinical Psychological Science 2014;2:297-305.
Hooley 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN12276176
    1. Hooley JM, Fox KR, Wang SB, Kwashie AND. Novel online daily diary interventions for nonsuicidal self-injury: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:264. - PMC - PubMed
Hurtado‐Santiago 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hurtado-Santiago S, Guzmán-Parra J, Bersabé RM, Mayoral F. Effectiveness of iconic therapy for the reduction of borderline personality disorder symptoms among suicidal youth: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2018;18:277. - PMC - PubMed
Inder 2015 {published data only}
    1. Inder ML, Crowe MT, Luty SE, Carter JD, Moor S, Frampton CM, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for young people with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2015;17:128-38. - PubMed
    1. Inder ML, Crowe MT, Luty SE, Carter JD, Moor S, Frampton CM. Prospective rates of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury by young people with bipolar disorder participating in a psychotherapy study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2015;50:167-73. - PubMed
ISRCTN10115835 {unpublished data only}10115835
    1. ISRCTN10115835. Is a talking therapy, called psychodynamic interpersonal therapy, clinically and cost effective for women who self-harm in prison? [Women Offenders Repeat Self-Harm Intervention Pragmatic Trial (WORSHIP III)]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10115835 (first received 11 February 2019). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN10115835] - DOI
ISRCTN16003313 {unpublished data only}16003313
    1. ISRCTN16003313. A brief psychological intervention for self-harm in emergency departments [ASsuRED: Improving outcomes in patients who self-harm. Adapting and evaluating a brief pSychological inteRvention in Emergency Departments]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16003313 (first received 27 January 2020).
ISRCTN16049211 {unpublished data only}16049211
    1. ISRCTN16049211. FReSH START feasibility study [Function REplacement in repeated Self-Harm: Standardising Therapeutic Assessment and the Related Therapy (FRESH START): feasibility study]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16049211 (first received 9 December 2019).
ISRCTN16862589 {unpublished data only}16862589
    1. ISRCTN16862589. Brief education supported treatment for adolescent borderline personality disorder [Brief Education Supported Treatment (BEST) for adolescent borderline personality disorder: a feasibility study of delivery of specialised early intervention for borderline personality disorder through collaboration with education providers, incorporating a feasibility randomised controlled trial]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16862589 (first received 28 January 2019).
ISRCTN18761534 {unpublished data only}18761534
    1. ISRCTN18761534. Women Offenders Repeat Self-Harm Intervention Pilot II (WORSHIP II). doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN18761534 (first received 19 December 2012).
Jardon 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jardon V, Debien C, Duhem S, Morgiève M, Ducrocq F, Vaiva G. An example of post-discharge monitoring after a suicide attempt: VigilanS [Un example de système de veille post-hospitalière des suicidants: VigilanS]. L'Éncéphale 2019;45:S13-21. - PubMed
Jobes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Huh D, Jobes DA, Comtois KA, Kerbrat AH, Chalker SA, Gutierrez PM, et al. The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) versus Enhanced Care As Usual (E-CAU) with suicidal soldiers: moderator analyses from a randomized controlled trial. Military Psychology 2018;30:495-506.
    1. Jobes DA, Comtois KA, Gutierrez PM, Brenner LA, Huh D, Chalker SA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality versus Enhanced Care As Usual with suicidal soldiers. Psychiatry 2017;80:339-56. - PubMed
Johnson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Johnson SB, Goodnight BL, Zhang H, Daboin I, Patterson B, Kaslow NJ. Compassion-based mediation in African Americans: self-criticism mediates changes in depression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2018;48:160-8. - PubMed
Kawanishi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kawanishi C, Ishii T, Yonemoto N, Yamada M, Tachikawa H, Kishimoto T, et al. Protocol for a prospective multicentre registry cohort study on suicide attempters given the assertive case management intervention after admission to an emergency department in Japan: Post-ACtion-J Study (PACS). British Medical Journal Open 2018;8:e020517. - PMC - PubMed
Kennedy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy GA, Forney KJ, Pinner D, Martinez KM, Buchman-Schmitt JM, Keel PK. Reducing anticipated non-suicidal self-injury by improving body esteem in individuals with weight suppression: a proof of concept study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2018;52:206-10. - PMC - PubMed
Kholodkov 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kholodkov T. Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury [Doctor of Philosophy thesis]. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, 2015.
Kim 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kim M-H, Lee J, Noh H, Hong J-P, Kim P, Cha YS, et al. Effectiveness of a flexible and continuous case management program for suicide attempters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17:2599. - PMC - PubMed
Kline 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kline A, Chesin M, Latorre M, Miller R, St Hill L, Shcherbakov A, et al. Rationale and study design of a trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for preventing suicidal behavior (MBCT-S) in military veterans. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;50:245-52. - PubMed
Korczak 2020 {published data only}
    1. Korczak DJ, Finkelstein Y, Barwick M, Chaim G, Cleverley K, Henderson J, et al. A suicide prevention strategy for youth presenting to the emergency department with suicide related behaviour: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20:20. - PMC - PubMed
LaCroix 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, LaCroix JM, Perera KU, Neely L, Grammer G, Weaver J, et al. Inpatient psychiatric care following a suicide-related hospitalization: a pilot trial of post-admission cognitive therapy in a military medical center. General Hospital Psychiatry 2020;63:46-53. - PubMed
    1. LaCroix JM, Perera KU, Neely LL, Grammer G, Weaver J, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M. Pilot trial of post-admission cognitive therapy: inpatient program for suicide prevention. Psychological Services 2018;15:279-88. - PubMed
    1. Neely L, Irwin K, Carreno Ponce JT, Perera K, Grammer G, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M. Post Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT) for the prevention of suicide in military personnel with histories of trauma: treatment development and case example. Clinical Case Studies 2013;12:457-73.
Lahoz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lahoz T, Hvid M, Wang AG. Preventing repetition of attempted suicide - III. The Amager Project, 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2017;70:547-53. - PubMed
Lin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lin T-J, Ko H-C, Wu KY-W, Oei TP, Lane H-Y, Chen C-H. The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy skills training group vs. cognitive therapy group on reducing depression and suicide attempts for borderline personality disorder in Taiwan. Archives of Suicide Research 2019;23:82-99. - PubMed
Luxton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Luxton DD, Thomas EK, Chipps J, Relova RM, Brown D, McLay R, et al. Caring letters for suicide prevention: implementation of a multi-site randomized clinical trial in the U.S. military and veteran affairs healthcare systems. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;37:252-60. - PubMed
Mackie 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mackie C, Dunn N, MacLean S, Testa V, Heisel M, Hatcher S. A qualitative study of a blended therapy using problem solving therapy with a customised smartphone app in men who present to hospital with intentional self-harm. Evidence Based Mental Health 2017;20:118-22. - PMC - PubMed
Marriott 2016 {published data only}
    1. Marriott BP, Hibbeln JR, Killeen TK, Magruder KM, Holes-Lewis K, Tolliver BK, et al. Design and methods for the Better Resiliency Among Veterans and non-Veterans with Omega-3's (BRAVO) study: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation among adult individuals at risk of suicide. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;47:325-33. - PubMed
Matsubara 2019 {published data only}
    1. Matsubara T, Matsuo K, Matsuda A, Ogino Y, Hobara T, Wakabayashi Y, et al. Combining phone and postcard brief contact interventions for preventing suicide reattempts: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Research 2019;279:395-6. - PubMed
McCall 2019 {published data only}
    1. McCall WV, Ahn E, Benca R, Krystal A, Rosenquist PB, Rumble M, et al. 0960. A preliminary report from the "REST-IT" study: insomnia severity and hypersomnia severity each independently predict the intensity of suicidal ideation. Sleep 2015;38:A339.
    1. McCall WV, Benca RM, Rosenquist PB, Youssef NA, McCloud L, Newman JC, et al. REducing Suicidal ideation Through Insomnia Treatment (REST-IT): a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 2019;176:957-65. - PMC - PubMed
McManama O'Brien 2018 {published data only}
    1. McManama O'Brien KH, Sellers CM, Battalen AW, Ryan CA, Maneta EK, Aguinaldo LD, et al. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a brief alcohol intervention for suicidal adolescents in inpatient psychiatric treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2018;94:105-12. - PubMed
Miller 2016 {published data only}
    1. Miller IW, Gaudiano BA, Weinstock LM. The Coping Long Term with Active Suicide Program: description and pilot data. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2016;46:752-61. - PMC - PubMed
Morley 2014 {published data only}
    1. Morley KC, Sitharthan G, Haber PS, Tucker P, Sitharthan T. The efficacy of an Opportunistic Cognitive Behavioral intervention package (OCB) on substance use and comorbid suicide risk: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82:130-40. - PubMed
Navarro‐Haro 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Navarro-Haro MV, Botella C, Guillen V, Moliner R, Marco H, Jorquera M, et al. Dialectical behavior therapy in the treatment of borderline personality disorder and eating disorders comorbidity: a pilot study in a naturalistic setting. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2018;42:636-49.
NCT00218725 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00218725. Cognitive therapy for suicide attempters with drug dependence disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00218725 (first received 22 September 2005).
NCT00601939 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00601939. Group interventions for abused, suicidal black women. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00601939 (first received 28 January 2008).
NCT00603421 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00603421. Effectiveness of a 24 hour phone line on the rate of suicide attempts in borderline patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00603421 (first received 29 January 2008).
NCT00641498 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00641498. Effectiveness of standard emergency department psychiatric treatment compared with effectiveness of standard emergency department psychiatric treatment associated with treatment delivery by a suicide prevention center. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00641498 (first received 24 March 2008).
NCT00980824 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT00980824. ENGAGE - Meeting mental health needs of complex comorbid patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00980824 (first received 21 September 2009).
NCT01359761 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01359761. Post Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT) for the inpatient treatment of military personnel with suicidal behaviors: a multi-site randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01359761 (first received 25 May 2011).
NCT01823120 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01823120. Text message intervention to reduce repeat self-harm in patients presenting to the emergency department. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01823120 (first received 4 April 2013).
NCT01952405 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01952405. Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in patients with borderline personality disorder: a controlled trial in Taiwan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01952405 (first received 30 September 2013).
NCT02227160 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02227160. Group interventions for suicidal African Americans. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02227160 (first received 27 August 2014).
NCT02299440 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02299440. Effects of ketamine in the acute phase of suicidal ideation (KETIS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02299440 (first received 24 November 2014).
NCT02522143 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02522143. College students who self-harm: an intervention study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02522143 (first received 13 August 2015).
NCT02742922 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02742922. Multicenter RCT to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a culturally adapted therapy (C-MAP) in patients with a history of self-harm. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02742922 (first received 19 April 2016).
NCT03300596 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03300596. Suicidal adults with alcohol or drug use problems: a new hospital-based treatment. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03300596 (first received 3 October 2017).
NCT03376113 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03376113. The effect of a brief psychological intervention on reducing self-harm repetition: feasibility study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03376113 (first received 18 December 2017).
NCT03489382 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03489382. The BEACON Study: protocol for cluster RCT of a service to deliver smartphone-assisted problem-solving therapy compared to usual care in men who present with intentional self-harm to the ED in Ontario (protocol A). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03489382 (first received 5 April 2018).
NCT03533075 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03533075. A pilot effectiveness trial of the Teachable Moment Brief Intervention (TMBI) for veterans hospitalized following a suicide attempt. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03533075 (first received 22 May 2018).
NCT03600532 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03600532. Testing the efficacy of the Teachable Moment Brief Intervention for suicide attempt survivors in an inpatient setting: effects on psychosocial and experimental pain outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03600532 (first received 26 July 2018).
NCT03943862 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03943862. To Share or not to Share (2Share): group intervention to support disclosure decisions after suicide attempt. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03943862 (first received 9 May 2019).
O'Toole 2019 {published data only}
    1. O'Toole MS, Arendt MB, Pedersen CM. Testing an app-assisted treatment for suicide prevention in a randomized controlled trial: effect on suicide risk and depression. Behavior Therapy 2019;50:421-9. - PubMed
Pearce 2017 {published data only}
    1. Pearce S, Scott L, Attwood G, Saunders K, Dean M, De Ridder R, et al. Democratic therapeutic community treatment for personality disorder: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2017;210:149-56. - PubMed
Pfeiffer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lapidos A, Abraham KM, Jagusch J, Garlick J, Walters H, Kim HM, et al. Peer mentorship to reduce suicide attempts among high-risk adults (PREVAIL): rationale and design of a randomized controlled effectiveness-implementation trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;87:105850. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pfeiffer PN, King C, Ilgen M, Ganoczy D, Clive R, Garlick J, et al. Development and pilot study of a suicide prevention intervention delivered by peer support specialists. Psychological Services 2019;16:360-71. - PMC - PubMed
Philips 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN98982683
    1. Philips B, Wennberg P, Konradsson P, Frank J. Mentalization-based treatment for concurrent borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder: a randomized controlled feasibility study. European Addiction Research 2018;24:1-8. - PMC - PubMed
Pistorello 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pistorello J, Jobes D, Compton S, Locey NS, Walloch JC, Gallop R, et al. Developing adaptive treatment strategies to address suicidal risk in college students: a pilot sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART). Archives of Suicide Research 2017;22:644-64. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pistorello J, Jobes DA, Gallop R, Compton SN, Locey NS, Au JS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) versus Treatment As Usual (TAU) for suicidal college students. Archives of Suicide Research 2020 [ePub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1749742] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pratt 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pratt D, Tarrier N, Dunn G, Awenat Y, Shaw J, Ulph F, et al. Cognitive-behavioural suicide prevention for male prisoners: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2015;45:3441-51. - PMC - PubMed
Rees 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rees CS, Hasking P, Breen LJ, Lipp OV, Marmotte C. Group mindfulness based cognitive therapy vs group support for self-injury among young people: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:154. - PMC - PubMed
Rompogren 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rompogren JR. Using Resonance Frequency Breathing to Improve Distress Tolerance in Females who Engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury [Doctor of Philosophy thesis]. San Diego, CA: Alliant International University, 2018.
Rudd 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bryan CJ, Peterson AL, Rudd MD. Differential effects of brief CBT versus treatment as usual on posttreatment suicide attempts among groups of suicidal patients. Psychiatric Services 2018;69:703-9. - PubMed
    1. Bryan CJ, Rudd MD, Peterson AL, Young-McCaughan S, Wertenberger EG. The ebb and flow of the wish to live and the wish to die among suicidal military personnel. Journal of Affective Disorders 2016;202:58-66. - PubMed
    1. Bryan CJ, Wood DS, May A, Peterson AL, Wertenberger E, Rudd MD. 2017. Mechanisms of action contributing to reductions in suicide attempts following brief cognitive behavioral therapy for military personnel: a test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide 2017;22:241-53. - PubMed
    1. Rudd MD, Bryan CJ, Wertenberger EG, Peterson AL, Young-McCaughan S, Mintz J, et al. Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy effects on post-treatment suicide attempts in a military sample: results of a randomized clinical trial with 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 2015;172:441-9. - PubMed
Ryberg 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ryberg W, Diep LM, Landrø NI, Fosse R. Effects of the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) model: a secondary analysis of moderation and influencing factors. Archives of Suicide Research 2019 [ePub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1650143] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ryberg W, Fosse R, Zahl P-H, Brorson I, Moller P, Landrø NI, et al. Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU) for suicidal patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17:481. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ryberg W, Zahl P-H, Diep LM, Landrø NI, Fosse R. Managing suicidality within specialized care: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 2019;249:112-20. - PubMed
Sáiz 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sáiz PA, Rodriguez-Revulta J, González-Blanco L, Burón P, Al-Halabi S, Garrido M, et al. Study protocol of a prevention of recurrent suicidal behavior program based on case management (PSyMAC). Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental 2014;7:131-8. - PubMed
Santel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Santel M, Beblo T, Neuner F, Berg M, Hennig-Fast K, Jobes DA, et al. Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) compared to Enhanced Treatment As Usual (E-TAU) for suicidal patients in an inpatient setting: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20:183. - PMC - PubMed
Sayal 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sayal K, Roe J, Atha C, Kaylor-Hughes C, Guo B, Townsend E, et al. Feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of remotely delivered problem-solving cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for young people with depression and repeat self-harm: Lessons learnt (e-DASH). BMC Psychiatry 2019;19:42. - PMC - PubMed
Sequeira 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sequeira E, Field C, Wagler A, Avila A. The moderation effect of mental health indicators on the efficacy of three brief alcohol interventions. Alcoholism 2016;40:69A.
Simon 2016 {published data only}
    1. Simon GE, Beck A, Rossom R, Richards J, Kirlin B, King D, et al. Population-based outreach versus care as usual to prevent suicide attempt: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17:452. - PMC - PubMed
Sinnaeve 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Sinnaeve R, Bouwmans C, Van den Bosch L. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of short-term inpatient dialectical behavior therapy for chronically parasuicidal BPD (young) adults. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2015;1:S19.
    1. Sinnaeve R, Van den Bosch LMC, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Vansteelandt K. Effectiveness of step-down versus outpatient dialectical behaviour therapy for patients with severe levels of borderline personality disorder: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 2018;5:12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Van den Bosch LMC, Sinnaeve R, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Van Furth EF. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an experimental short-term inpatient dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:152. - PMC - PubMed
Slesnick 2020 {published data only}
    1. Slesnick N, Zhang J, Feng X, Wu Q, Walsh L, Granello DH. Cognitive therapy for suicide prevention: a randomized pilot with suicidal youth experiencing homelessness. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2020;44:402-11.
Smits 2020 {published data only}
    1. Laurenssen EMP, Smits ML, Bales DL, Feenstra DJ, Eeren HV, Noom MJ, et al. Day hospital mentalization-based treatment versus intensive outpatient mentalization-based treatment for patients with severe borderline personality disorder: protocol of a multicentre randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:301. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Laurenssen EMP, Westra D, Kikkert MJ, Noom MJ, Eeren HV, Van Broekhuyzen AJ, et al. Day hospital mentalization-based treatment (MBT-DH) versus treatment as usual in the treatment of severe borderline personality disorder: protocol or a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:149. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smits ML, Feenstra DJ, Bales DL, Blankers M, Dekker JJM, Lucas Z, et al. Day hospital versus intensive outpatient mentalization-based treatment: 3-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder in a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Psychological Medicine 2020;216:79-84. - PubMed
    1. Smits ML, Feenstra DJ, Eeren HV, Bales DL, Laurenssen EMP, Blankers M, et al. Day hospital versus intensive out-patient mentalisation-based treatment for borderline personality disorder: multicentre randomised clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2020;216:79-84. - PubMed
Taha 2015 {published data only}
    1. Taha F, Zhang H, Snead K, Jones AD, Blackmon B, Bryant RJ, et al. Effects of a culturally informed intervention on abused, suicidal African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2015;21:560-70. - PMC - PubMed
Tejedor 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Farré A, Portella MJ, De Angel L, Díaz A, De Diego-Adeliño J, Vegué J, et al. Benefits of a secondary prevention program in suicide: a 1-year follow-up experimental study compared with a treatment-as-usual control group. Crisis 2016;37:281-9. - PubMed
    1. Tejedor C, Díaz A, Faus G, Pérez V, Solà I. Results of the prevention program of suicidal behavior: eixample district of Barcelona [Resultados del programa de prevención de la conducta suicida: Distrito de la Dreta de l’Eixample de Barcelona]. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatria 2011;39:280-7. - PubMed
Vaiva 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vaiva G, Jardon V, Ducrocq F, Grandgenèvre P, Debien C, Berrouiguet S, et al. Surveillance is a powerful took to prevent suicidal acts. In: Courtet P, editors(s). Understanding Suicide: From Diagnosis to Personalized Treatment. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016:269-79.
Van Spijker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Van Spijker BAJ, Werner-Seidler A, Batterham PJ, Mackinnon A, Calear AL, Gosling JA, et al. Effectiveness of a web-based self-help program for suicidal thinking in an Australian community sample: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20:e15. - PMC - PubMed
Ward‐Ciesielski 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ward-Ciesielski EF, Jones CB, Wielgus MD, Wilks CR, Linehan MM. Single-session dialectical behavior therapy skills training versus relaxation training for non-treatment-engaged suicidal adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychology 2016;4:13. - PMC - PubMed
Westling 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liljedahl SI, Helleman M, Daukantaité D, Westrin Å, Westling S. A standardized crisis management model for self-harming and suicidal individuals with three or more diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder: the Brief Admission Skåne Randomized Controlled Trial protocol (BASRCT). BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:220. - PMC - PubMed
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Wilks 2018 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT00533117 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT00533117. Treating suicidal behavior and self-mutilation in people with borderline personality disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00533117 (first received 21 September 2007).
NCT00834834 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00834834. Comparing treatments for self-injury and suicidal behavior in people with borderline personality disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00834834 (first received 3 February 2009).

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12617000529347 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000529347. Will prisoners who self-harm reduce their frequency of self-harming after going through the Dialectical Behaviour Therapy intervention? www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372437&isRe... (first received 27 February 2017).
Berrouiguet 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Berrouiguet S, Alavi Z, Vaiva G, Courtet P, Baca-García E, Vidailhet P, et al. SIAM (Suicide Intervention Assisted by Messages): the development of a post-acute crisis text messaging outreach for suicide prevention. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:294. - PMC - PubMed
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Chaïb 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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McMain 2018 {published and unpublished data}
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NCT02060448 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02060448. Exploring two emotion-focused treatment modules in non-suicidal self-injury. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02060448 (first received 12 february 2014).
NCT02354183 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02354183. Commitment and motivation in a brief DBT intervention for self harm. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02354183 (first received 3 February 2015).
NCT03081078 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03081078. Effects of community-based caring contact on post-discharge young adults with self-harm. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03081078 (first received 15 March 2017).
NCT03185026 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03185026. Effectiveness of the first French psychoeducational program for suicidal behavior: a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03185026 (first received 14 June 2017).
NCT03427190 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03427190. Assessment of preventive efficacy of an algorithm taking place after suicide attempts among attempters admitted to hospital in the French Overseas Territories. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03427190 (first received 9 February 2018).
NCT03463980 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03463980. Compassion meditation and ReliefLink app for suicidal, low-income, African Americans. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03463980 (first received 13 March 2018).
NCT03541824 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03541824. Reducing suicide risk associated with weight loss. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03541824 (first received 31 May 2018).
NCT03732300 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03732300. Evaluation of ASSIP - Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program: a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03732300 (first received 6 November 2018).
NCT03853382 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03853382. Cognitive Analytic Therapy-informed Containment for self-Harm (CATCH). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03853382 (first received 25 February 2019).
NCT03894462 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03894462. Effectiveness of a targeted brief intervention for recent suicide attempt survivors. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03894462 (first received 28 March 2019).
NCT04072666 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04072666. Investigations of psychological interventions in suicide prevention: a comparison of brief cognitive behavioural therapy and the attempted suicide short intervention program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04072666 (first received 28 August 2019).
NCT04168645 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04168645. Inpatient cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce suicide risk post-discharge. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04168645 (first received 19 November 2019).
NCT04191122 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04191122. Community Outpatient Psychotherapy Engagement Service for Self-harm (COPESS): a feasibility study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04191122 (first received 9 December 2019).
NCT04244786 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04244786. Treating self injurious behavior: a novel brain stimulation approach. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04244786 (first received 28 January 2020).
NCT04284085 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04284085. Evaluation of a psychoeducational intervention for people with suicidal behaviour in the penitentiary environment: N'VIU project. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04284085 (first received 25 February 2020).
NCT04343703 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04343703. Suicide prevention and intervention (SURVIVE): cohort study and nested randomized controlled trials of secondary prevention programs for suicide attempts. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04343703 (first received 13 April 2020).
NCT04366466 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04366466. Program to Promote Engagement in care for the Prevention of Suicide recidivism (PEPS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04366466 (first received 29 April 2020).
NCT04420546 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04420546. Using implementation intentions to reduce self-harm. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04420546 (first received 9 June 2020).
O'Connor 2019 {published data only}ISRCTN62181241
    1. O'Connor RC, Lundy J-M, Stewart C, Smillie S, McClelland H, Syrett S, et al. SAFETEL randomised controlled feasibility trial of a safety planning intervention with follow-up telephone contact to reduce suicidal behaviour: study protocol. BMJ Open 2019;9:e025591. - PMC - PubMed
SLCTR/2017/008 {unpublished data only}
    1. SLCTR/2017/008. A brief intervention for prevention of repetition of self-harm, among those who have recently attempted self-poisoning: a randomized controlled trial. slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2017-008 (first received 23 March 2017).
Stevens 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Stevens GJ, Hammond TE, Brownhill S, Anand M, De la Riva A, Hawkins J, et al. SMS SOS: a randomized controlled trial to reduce self-harm and suicide attempts using SMS text messaging. BMC Psychiatry 2019;19:117. - PMC - PubMed

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