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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Apr 17;4(4):CD006913.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006913.pub3.

Psychological interventions for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Natalia Tiles-Sar  1 , Johanna Neuser  1 , Dominik de Sordi  1 , Anne Baltes  2 , Jan C Preiss  3 , Gabriele Moser  4 , Antje Timmer  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Psychological interventions for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Natalia Tiles-Sar et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of suffering from psychological problems. The association is assumed to be bi-directional. Psychological treatment is expected to improve quality of life (QoL), psychological issues and, possibly, disease activity. Many trials have tested various psychotherapy approaches, often in combination with educational modules or relaxation techniques, with inconsistent results.

Objectives: To assess the effects of psychological interventions on quality of life, emotional state and disease activity in persons of any age with IBD.

Search methods: We searched Web of Science Core Collection, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Psyndex, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS from inception to May 2023. We also searched trial registries and major gastroenterological and selected other IBD-related conferences from 2019 until 2023.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions in children or adults with IBD compared to no therapy, sham (i.e. simulated intervention), or other active treatment, with a minimum follow-up time of two months, were eligible for inclusion, irrespective of publication status and language of publication. Interventions included psychotherapy and other non-pharmacological interventions addressing cognitive or emotional processing, patient education, or relaxation techniques to improve individual health status.

Data collection and analysis: Two raters independently extracted data and assessed the study quality using the Risk of Bias 2 Tool. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) for continuous outcomes and relative risks (RR) for event data were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI), based on separate random-effects models by age group, type of therapy and type of control. An SMD of 0.2 was considered a minimally relevant difference. SMD ≥ 0.4 was considered a moderate effect. Group analyses were planned to examine differential effects by type of IBD, disease activity, psychological comorbidity, therapy subtype, and treatment intensity. Statistical heterogeneity was determined by calculating the I2 statistic. Publication bias was assessed by presenting a funnel plot and calculating the Eggers Test. GRADE Profiling was used to describe the certainty of the evidence for relevant results.

Main results: Sixty-eight studies were eligible. Of these, 48 had results reported in sufficient detail for inclusion in the meta-analyses (6111 adults, 294 children and adolescents). Two trials were excluded from the meta-analysis following sensitivity analysis and tests for asymmetry because of implausible results. Most studies used multimodular approaches. The risk of bias was moderate for most outcomes, and high for some. The most common problems in individual trials were the inability to blind participants and investigators and outcome measures susceptible to measurement bias. The main issues leading to downgrading of the certainty of the evidence were heterogeneity of results, low precision and high or moderate risk of bias in the included trials. Publication bias could not be shown for any of the inspected analyses. In adults, psychotherapy was slightly more effective than care-as-usual (CAU) in improving short-term QoL (SMD 0.23, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.34; I2 = 13%; 20 trials, 1572 participants; moderate-certainty), depression (SMD -0.27, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.16; I2 = 0%; 16 trials, 1232 participants; moderate-certainty), and anxiety (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.17; I2 = 1%; 15 studies, 1135 participants; moderate-certainty). The results for disease activity were not pooled due to high heterogeneity (I2 = 72%). Interventions which used patient education may also have small positive short-term effects on QoL (SMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.32; I2 = 11%; 12 trials, 1058 participants; moderate-certainty), depression (SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.37 to -0.07; I2 = 11%; 7 studies, 765 participants; moderate-certainty) and anxiety (SMD -0.16, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.00; I2 = 10%; 6 studies, 668 participants; moderate-certainty). We did not find an effect of education on disease activity (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.10; I2 = 38%; 7 studies, 755 participants; low-certainty). Pooled results on the effects of relaxation techniques showed small effects on QoL (SMD 0.25, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.41; I2 = 30%; 12 studies, 916 participants; moderate-certainty), depression (SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.35 to -0.02; I2 = 0%; 7 studies, 576 participants; moderate-certainty), and anxiety (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.09; I2 = 13%; 8 studies, 627 participants; moderate-certainty). Results for disease activity were not pooled due to high heterogeneity (I2 = 72%). In children and adolescents, multimodular psychotherapy increased quality of life (SMD 0.54, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.02; I2 = 19%; 3 studies, 91 participants; moderate-certainty). The results for anxiety were inconclusive (SMD -0.09; 95% CI 0.-64 to 0.46; 2 trials, 51 patients, very low-certainty). Pooled effects were not calculated for depressive symptoms. Disease activity was not assessed in any of the trials compared to CAU. In education, based on one study, there might be a positive effect of the intervention on quality of life (MD 7.1, 95% CI 2.18 to 12.02; 40 patients; low-certainty evidence) but possibly not on depression (MD -6, 95% CI -12.01 to 0.01; 41 patients; very low-certainty). Anxiety and disease activity were not assessed for this comparison. Regarding the effects of relaxation techniques on children and adolescents, all results were inconclusive (very low-certainty).

Authors' conclusions: Psychological interventions in adults are likely to improve the quality of life, depression and anxiety slightly. Psychotherapy is probably also effective for improving the quality of life in children and adolescents. The evidence suggests that psychological interventions may have little to no effect on disease activity. The interpretation of these results presents a challenge due to the clinical heterogeneity of the included trials, particularly concerning the type and various components of the common multimodular interventions. This complexity underscores the need for further research and exploration in this area.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05182645 NCT02614014 NCT01426568 NCT00248742 NCT03162575 NCT03884686 NCT02043600 NCT02173002 NCT02963246 NCT05085925 NCT01237847 NCT02707068 NCT00798642 NCT02721823 NCT03809195 NCT00679003 NCT03999294 NCT02550158 NCT02709434 NCT03831750 NCT02265588 NCT00446238 NCT00534911 NCT02569333 NCT02350920 NCT00398593 NCT03261414 NCT05515003 NCT01536509 NCT00553163 NCT00769353 NCT01852097 NCT02694042 NCT03059186 NCT03327038 NCT05374967 NCT05719766 NCT05722236 NCT05786482 NCT05221281 NCT03091309 NCT03623932 NCT03757533 NCT03827109 NCT03938324 NCT04183608 NCT04345393 NCT04646785 NCT04700917 NCT04861597 NCT05377840 NCT05405855 NCT05418062 NCT05474742 NCT05570617 NCT05635292 NCT05645666 NCT05651542 NCT05788549 NCT03667586.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jan Preiss has received payments from Amgen (consultancy, workshop participation, advisory board), Bristol‐Myers Squibb (consultancy, advisory board), Janssen‐Cilag (consultancy, advisory board) and Takeca Pharmaceutical Company (consultancy, advisory board).

All other authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Update of

References

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Keefer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Keefer L, Kiebles JI, Cohen E, Denburg AN, Martinovich Z. Gut-directed hypnotherapy may reduce risk of flare in quiescent UC. Gastroenterology 2011;140:S781.
    1. Keefer L, Kiebles JL, Barrett TA. Preliminary results from the ulcerative colitis relapse prevention study (UCRPT). Gastroenterology 2010;138:S168.
    1. Keefer L, Kiebles JL, Kwiatek MA, Palsson O, Taft TH, Martinovich Z, et al. The potential role of a self-management intervention for ulcerative colitis: a brief report from the ulcerative colitis hypnotherapy trial. Biological Research for Nursing 2012;14(1):71-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Keefer L, Kiebles JL, Martinovich Z, Cohen E, Van Denburg A, Barrett TA. Behavioral interventions may prolong remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2011;49:145-50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Keefer L, Taft TH, Kiebles JL, Martinovich Z, Barrett TA, Palsson OS. Gut-directed hypnotherapy significantly augments clinical remission in quiescent ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013;38(7):761-71. - PMC - PubMed
Kennedy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy A, Robinson A, Hann M, Thompson D, Wilkin D, North-West Region Gastrointestinal Research Group. A cluster-randomised controlled trial of a patient-centred guidebook for patients with ulcerative colitis: effect on knowledge, anxiety and quality of life. Health & Social Care in the Community 2003;11(1):64-72. - PubMed
Kennedy 2004 {published data only}ISRCTN18598681
    1. Kennedy A, Gask L, Rogers A, Kennedy A, Gask L, Rogers A. Training professionals to engage with and promote self-management. Health Education Research 2005;20(5):567-78. - PubMed
    1. Kennedy A, Nelson E, Reeves D, Richardson G, Roberts C, Robinson A, et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the impact of a package comprising a patient-orientated, evidence-based self-help guidebook and patient-centred consultations on disease management and satisfaction in inflammatory bowel disease. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2003;7(28):iii. - PubMed
    1. Kennedy AP, Nelson E, Reeves D, Richardson G, Roberts C, Robinson A, et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost of a patient orientated self management approach to chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2004;53(11):1639-45. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kennedy AP, Rogers AE. Improving patient involvement in chronic disease management: the views of patients, GPs and specialists on a guidebook for ulcerative colitis. Patient Education and Counseling 2002;47(3):257-63. - PubMed
    1. Richardson G, Sculpher M, Kennedy A, Nelson E, Reeves D, Roberts C, et al. Is self-care a cost-effective use of resources? Evidence from a randomized trial in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Health Services & Research Policy 2006;11(4):225-30. - PubMed
Langhorst 2020 {published data only}
    1. Koch AK, Schoels M, Haller H, Anheyer D, Cinar Z, Eilert R, et al. Comprehensive lifestyle modification influences medium-term and artificially induced stress in ulcerative colitis - a sub-study within a randomized controlled trial using the Trier Social Stress test. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(21):5070. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215070] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Koch AK, Schols M, Haller H, Anheyer D, Cinar Z, Eilert R, et al. Comprehensive lifestyle-modification including multi-modal stress management techniques in patients with ulcerative colitis - results of the Trier Social Stress Test. Advances in Integrative Medicine 2019;6:S79.
    1. Langhorst J, Koch AK, Schoels M, Cinar Z, Eilert R, Kofink K, et al. There is more than pharmacology: comprehensive lifestyle-modification in patients with ulcerativecolitis: a randomized controlled trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2019;7:60.
    1. Langhorst J, Koch AK, Schols M, Zempel T, Paul A, Cinar Z, et al. Sa1865 - there is more than pharmacology: comprehensive lifestyle modification in patients with ulcerative colitis - a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2019;156:S433-4.
    1. Langhorst J, Schols M, Cinar Z, Eilert R, Kofink K, Paul A, et al. Comprehensive lifestyle-modification in patients with ulcerative colitis - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020;9(10):24. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103087] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lecouturier 2003 {published data only}
    1. Corbett S, McColl E, Lecouturier J, Devine Z, Welfare M. Implementing a colitis education and support programme. Gastrointestinal Nursing 2006;4(4):12-20.
    1. Corbett S, Weinell E, Devine Z, Lecouturier J, Speed C, McColl E, et al. A reflective process used to develop a health professional-led colitis self-management programme. Reflective Practice 2007;8(2):209-25.
    1. Lecouturier J. Does a customised self-management programme have any impact on the quality of life of people with ulcerative colitis? [Abstract]. Quality of Life Research 2003;12(7):768.
Lee 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lee A, Moulton D, Acra S, Walker L, McKernan L, Russell A. Clinical hypnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2020;158:S100-1. - PubMed
    1. Lee A, Moulton D, McKerman L, Russell A, Slaughter JC, Acra S, et al. Clinical hypnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2021;72(3):e63-70. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002980] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lee A, Moulton D, McKernan L, Russell A, Acra S, Walker L. Clinical hypnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2019;69(2):no pagination. - PubMed
    1. Lee AD, Moulton DE, McKernan LC, Russell A, Acra S, Walker L. Clinical hypnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2020;158:S236. - PubMed
Leiby 2014 {published data only}
    1. Leiby A, Langseder A, Bustami R, Vazirani M, Marchell M, Ferrara M, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of yoga in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: preliminary findings. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2014;1009:594.
Levy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Levy R, Langer Sl, Romano J, Mancl LA, Murphy T, Walker LS, et al. Results of a large RCT testing the effect of cognitive behavior therapy on school absences, quality of life and flares in pediatric IBD. Gastroenterology 2015;148:S71.
    1. Levy RL, Van Tilburg MA, Langer SL, Romano JM, Walker LS, Mancl LA, et al. Effects of a cognitive behavioral therapy intervention trial to improve disease outcomes in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2016;22:2134-48. - PMC - PubMed
March‐Luján 2021 {published data only}
    1. March-Lujan VA, Prado-Gasco V, Huguet JM, Cortes X, Arquiola JM, Capilla-Igual M, et al. Impact of BMGIM music therapy on emotional state in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(8):1591. - PMC - PubMed
McCombie 2016 {published data only}ACTRN12612000922875
    1. McCombie A, Gearry R, Andrews J, Mulder R, Mikocka-Walus A. Does computerized cognitive behavioral therapy help people with inflammatory bowel disease? A randomized controlled trial. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2016;22:171-81. - PubMed
    1. McCombie A, Gearry R, Mulder R, Andrews J, Mikocka-Walus A. Does computerised cognitive behavioural therapy help people with Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2015;9:S398. - PubMed
Mikocka‐Walus 2015 {published data only}ACTRN12609000913279
    1. Andrews JM, Bond M, Persson J, Holloway R, Hughes P, Blackshaw A, et al. Does cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) improve outcomes in IBD? Feasibility, patient acceptance and preliminary results. In: ECCO Abstracts. 2010:156.
    1. Hughes PA, Mikocka-Walus AA, Moretta M, Pilichiewicz AN, Bampton PA, Andrews JM. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) influences innate and adaptive inflammatory responsiveness in IBD patients with clinical remission sustained over 6 months: a randomised control trial. Gastroenterology 2014;146:S593.
    1. Mikocka-Walus A, Andrews J, Bampton P, Hetzel D, Hughes P, Estermann A. Cognitive-behavioural therapy has no effect on disease activity but it improves quality of life in sub-groups of patients with inflammatory bowel disease short-term: a randomised controlled trial with a 24-month follow-up. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2016;10:S362.
    1. Mikocka-Walus A, Andrews JM, Bampton P. Cognitive behavioral therapy for IBD. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2016;22:E5-6. - PubMed
    1. Mikocka-Walus A, Andrews JM. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) to manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): preliminary findings. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2011;5:S142.
Mikocka‐Walus 2020 {published data only}ACTRN12620000448943
    1. Mikocka-Walus A, Olive L, Skvarc D, Beswick L, Massuger W, Raven L, et al. Expressive writing to combat distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in people with inflammatory bowel disease (WriteForIBD): a trial protocol. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2020;139:110286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110286] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Skvarc D, Evans S, Cheah S, Cranney M, German B, Orr R, et al. Can an online expressive writing program support people with inflammatory bowel disease? A feasibility randomised controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2022;48:101616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101616] - DOI - PubMed
Milne 1986 {published data only}
    1. Milne B, Joachim G, Niedhardt J. A stress management programme for inflammatory bowel disease patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1986;11(5):561-7. - PubMed
Moreau 2021 {published data only}
    1. Moreau J, Hammoudi N, Marthey L, Trang-Poisson C, Nachury M, Altwegg R, et al. Impact of an education programme on IBD patients' skills: results of a randomised controlled multicentre study [ECIPE]. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2021;15(3):432-40. [DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa195] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moreau J, Marhey L, Trang C, Nachury M, Altwegg R, Grimaud J, et al. Impact of an education program on IBD patient's skills: one year results of the ECIPE randomized, controlled multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2016;150:S87-8.
    1. Moreau J, Marthey L, Trang C, Nachury M, Altwegg R, Grimaud JC, et al. Impact of an education programme on IBD patient's skills: one year results of the ECIPE randomised, controlled multicentre study. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2016;10:S51-2. - PubMed
    1. Moreau J, Marthey L, Trang C, Nachury M, Altwegg R, Grimaud JC, et al. OP281 impact of an education program on IBD pateints skills: a randomized, controlled multicenter study (ECIPE). United European Gastroenterology Journal 2015;3:A91-2.
Nikolaus 2017 {published data only}DRKS00008905
    1. Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Siegmund B, Bokemeyer B, Bastlein E, Bachmann O, et al. DOP044 Patient education in a 14 month randomized trial fails to improve adherence in ulcerative colitis: influence of demographic and clinical parameters on non-adherence. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2014;8:S36. - PubMed
    1. Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Siegmund B, Bokemeyer B, Bastlein E, Bachmann O, et al. Patient education in a 14-month randomised trial fails to improve adherence in ulcerative colitis: influence of demographic and clinical parameters on non-adherence. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2017;11(9):1052-62. [DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx062] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Siegmund B, Bokemeyer B, Bastlein E, Bachmann O, et al. Su1080 patient education in a 14 month randomized trial fails to improve adherence in ulcerative colitis: influence of demographic and clinical parameters on non-adherence. Gastroenterology 2014;146:S367. - PubMed
O'Connor 2019 {published data only}
    1. O'Connor 2019. Randomized controlled trial: a pilot study of a psychoeducational intervention for fatigue in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 2019;10:204062231983843. [DOI: 10.1177/2040622319838439] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Oliveira 2007 {published data only}
    1. Oliveira S, Zaltman C, Elia C, Vargens R, Leal A, Barros R, et al. Quality-of-life measurement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving social support. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2007;13(4):470-4. - PubMed
Pacheco 2020 {published data only}RBR‐79dn4k
    1. Pacheco MP. Impacto de um Programa de Intervencoes na Adesao a Medicamentos em Pacientes com Colite Ulcerativa: ensaio Clinico Randomizado [Impact of an Intervention Program on Adherence to Medications in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Clinical Randomized Trial]. Universidade do Estado de Bahia, 2020.
Peerani 2022 {published data only}
    1. Peerani F, Watt M, Ismond KP, Whitlock R, Ambrosio L, Hotte N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent online stress reduction intervention in inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2022;15:17562848221127238. [DOI: 10.1177/17562848221127238] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Reigada 2015 {published data only}
    1. Reigada LC, Polokowski AR, Walder DJ, Szigethy EM, Benkov KJ, Bruzzese J-M, et al. Treatment for comorbid pediatric gastrointestinal and anxiety disorders: a pilot study of a flexible health sensitive cognitive-behavioral therapy program. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 2015;3:314-26.
Reusch 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reusch A, Weiland R, Gerlich C, Dreger K, Derra C, Mainos D, et al. Self-management education for rehabilitation inpatients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Health Education Research 2016;31:782-91. - PubMed
Rowan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rowan CR, Wynne B, McHugh L, Keegan D, Byrne K, Hartey K, et al. A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy (act) for the treatment of stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2017;152:138.
Sajadinezhad 2013 {published data only}Irct201011295278N1
    1. Sajadinezhad M, Adibi P, Haghjoo S. Psychological treatments on UC patients' psychological and somatic symptoms. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2013;28:365.
Schoultz 2015 {published data only}ISRCTN27934462
    1. Schoultz M, Atherton I, Kyle R, Watson A. Can mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improve the quality of life for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? United European Gastroenterology Journal 2014;2:A381.
    1. Schoultz M, Atherton I, Watson A. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease patients: findings from an exploratory pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials [electronic Resource] 2015;16:379. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schoultz M, Atherton I, Watson Aj. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: the results from a pilot randomised control trial. Gut 2015;64:A236-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schoultz M, Atherton IM, Hubbard G, Watson AJ. Participants' perspectives on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a qualitative study nested within a pilot randomised controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2016;2:3. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-015-0041-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schoultz M, Atherton IM, Hubbard G, Watson AJ. The use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for improving quality of life for inflammatory bowel disease patients: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation. Trials [electronic Resource] 2013;14:431. - PMC - PubMed
Shang 2021 {published data only}ChiCTR1900025911
    1. Shang X, Gu F, Bian Q, Wang M, Lin Z. Effects of a written expression-based positive psychological intervention on the psychological status of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology Nursing 2021;44(6):437-48. - PubMed
Sharma 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sharma P, Poojary G, Dwivedi SN, Deepak KK. Effect of yoga-based intervention in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 2015;25:101-12. - PubMed
Smith 2002 {published data only}
    1. Smith GD, Watson R, Roger D, McRorie E, Hurst N, Luman W, et al. Impact of a nurse-led counselling service on quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2002;38(2):152-60. - PubMed
Stapersma 2018 {published data only}
    1. Stapersma L, Van den Brink G, Van der Ende J, Szigethy EM, Beukers R, Korpershoek TA, et al. "Effectiveness of disease-specific cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in youth with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial": Corrigendum. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2020;45(7):825. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stapersma L, Van den Brink G, Van der Ende J, Szigethy EM, Beukers R, Korpershoek TA, et al. Effectiveness of disease-specific cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in youth with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2018;43(9):967-80. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy029] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stapersma L, Van den Brink G, Van der Ende J, Szigethy EM, Groeneweg M, De Bruijne FH, et al. Psychological outcomes of a cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with inflammatory bowel disease: results of the happy-IBD randomized controlled trial at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2019;27:490-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-019-09649-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Van den Brink G, Stapersma L, Bom AS, Rizopolous D, Van der Woude J, Stuyt R, et al. P458 Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on clinical disease course in adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease and subclinical anxiety and/or depression: results of a randomised trial. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2019;13:S340-1. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Van den Brink G, Stapersma L, Bom, AS, Rizopolous D, Van der Woude J, Stuyt RJL, et al. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on clinical disease course in adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease and subclinical anxiety and/or depression: results of a randomised trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2019;68:526. - PMC - PubMed
Stewart 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stewart M, MacIntosh D, Phalen-Kelly K, Stewart J. Disease specific teaching by a nurse educator: a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;23:no pagination.
Szigethy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Szigethy E, Craig AE, Lobst EA, Grand RJ, Keljo D, DeMaso D, et al. Profile of depression in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: implications for treatment. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2009;15(1):69-74. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szigethy E, Kenney E, Carpenter J, Hardy DM, Fairclough D, Bousvaros A, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and subsyndromal depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007;46(10):1290-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Thompson RD, Craig A, Crawford EA, Fairclough D, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Bousvaros A, et al. Longitudinal results of cognitive behavioral treatment for youths with inflammatory bowel disease and depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2012;19:329-37. - PubMed
Szigethy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Keerthy D, Youk A, Srinath AI, Malas N, Bujoreanu S, Bousvaros A, et al. Effect of psychotherapy on health care utilization in children with inflammatory bowel disease and depression. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2016;63:658-64. [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001207] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szigethy E, Bujoreanu SI, Youk AO, Weisz J, Benhayon D, Fairclough D, et al. Randomized efficacy trial of two psychotherapies for depression in youth with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2014;53:726-35. - PMC - PubMed
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Tripp 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tripp DA, Verreault P, Gates J, Ropeleski M, Beyak M. Development and piloting of a cognitive-behavioral self management program for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an early stage update. Gastroenterology 2017;152:S799.
Vettorato 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lorenzon G, Vettorato MG, De Marchi E, Bartolo O, Caccaro R, Cavallin F, et al. Patient support programme is well accepted and could help adherence in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2016;10:S423-4.
    1. Vettorato MG, Lorenzon G, De Marchi E, Bartolo O, Cavallin F, Rigo A, et al. Patient support programme is well accepted and could help adherence in IBD patients. Gastroenterology 2016;150:797.
Vogelaar 2011 {published data only}
    1. Vogelaar L, Van't Spijker A, Van der Woude CJ. Feasibility of fatigue management in Crohn's disease patients: a pilot study. Gastroenterology 2010;138:S538.
    1. Vogelaar L, Van't Spijker A, Vogelaar T, Van Busschbach JJ, Visser MS, Kuipers EJ, et al. Solution focused therapy: a promising new tool in the management of fatigue in Crohn's disease patients psychological interventions for the management of fatigue in Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2011;5(6):585-91. - PubMed
Vogelaar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vogelaar L, Van 't Spijker A, Timman R, Van Tilburg AJP, Bac D, Kuipers EJ, et al. Fatigue in IBD patients decreases with psychotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2013;144(5 Suppl 1):S227-8.
    1. Vogelaar L, Van't Spijker A, Timman R, Van Tilburg A, Bac D, Kuipers EJ, et al. Fatigue in IBD patients decreases with psychotherapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2013;7:211-2.
    1. Vogelaar L, Van't Spijker A, Timman R, Van Tilburg AJ, Bac D, Vogelaar T, et al. Fatigue management in patients with IBD: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2014;63:911-8. - PubMed
Waters 2005 {published data only}
    1. Misra T, Waters B, Jensen L, Fedorak R. The effect of education on health care utilization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2005;128(4):A17-8.
    1. Waters BM, Jensen L, Fedorak RN, Waters BM, Jensen L, Fedorak RN. Effects of formal education for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;19(4):235-44. - PubMed
Weizman 2021 {published data only}
    1. Weizman AV, Bressler B, Seow CH, Afif W, Afzal NM, Targownik L, et al. Providing hospitalized ulcerative colitis patients with practice guidelines improves patient-reported outcomes. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 2021;4(3):131-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwaa019] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wynne 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mulcahy H, Wynne B, McHugh L, Rowan C, Byrne K, Keegan D, et al. P370 A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2017;11:S266.
    1. Wynne B, McHugh L, Gao W, Keegan D, Byrne K, Rowan C, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy reduces psychological stress in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2019;156(4):935-45. [DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.030] - DOI - PubMed
Xi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Xi Wz, Xu CW, Wang LL. The effect of empowering education combined with mindfulness meditation training on negative emotion and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2022;16:901696. - PMC - PubMed
Xiao 2022 {published data only}
    1. Xiao H, Ye J. Application of health education based on phased transition theory model in continuous nursing for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Emergency Medicine International 2022;2022:4194178. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4194178] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
You 2022 {published data only}
    1. You L, Guo N, Wang T, Yu X, Kang X, Guan Y, et al. Effects of aromatherapy on fatigue, quality of sleep and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a feasibility study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2022;49:101648. - PubMed
Zhuo 2021 {published data only}
    1. Zhuo L-L, Zhuge W-W, Ding Y-R. Impact of TTM-oriented health promotion and education method based on WeChat platform on positive emotions, negative emotions, and self-care ability of patients with ulcerative colitis. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2021;29(19):1144-50.

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12623000383662 {published data only}ACTRN12623000383662p
    1. ACTRN12623000383662. An online mindfulness-based intervention for psychological distress associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a feasibility trial of the mind4IBD program. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=385636 (first posted 2023). [ANZCTR: ACTRN12623000383662p]
Atreja 2011 {published data only}
    1. Atreja A, Ala S, Soll A, Lashner B. Feasibility and utilization of patient reported outcomes on quality of life and disease outcomes in Crohn's disease: a prospective randomized trial. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2011;17:27.
Atreja 2018 {published data only}
    1. Atreja A, Khan S, Otobo E, Rogers J, Ullman T, Grinspan A, et al. Impact of real world home based remote monitoring on quality of care and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients: one year results of pragmatic randomized trial. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis 2017;11:S326.
    1. Atreja A, Otobo E, Chandnani M, Rupani K, Rogers J, Szigethy E, et al. Documentation of IBD quality of care and psychosocial metrics among patients with IBD: baseline analysis of ongoing pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2016;150:S1000.
    1. Atreja A, Otobo E, Szigethy E, Kohli A, Shroff H, Chang H, et al. Improved quality of care and quality of life for IBD patients using mobile based remote monitoring platform: a randomized control trial. Gastroenterology 2018;154:S30.
    1. Atreja A, Szigethy E, Otobo E, Chang HL, Keefer L, Rogers J, et al. Improved quality of care and quality of life for IBD patients using healthpromise app: a randomized, control trial. Gastroenterology 2018;154:S6.
Blunck 2022 {published data only}DRKS00022935
    1. Blunck D, Kastner L, Nissen M, Winkler J. The effectiveness of patient training in inflammatory bowel disease knowledge via instagram: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022;24(10):e36767. - PMC - PubMed
Boamah 2010 {published data only}
    1. Boamah LM, Bohren JR, Pentiuk S, Baker R, Yi M, Moyer MS. Development and testing of a CD-ROM program for improing adolescent knowledge of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2010;50(5):521-5. - PubMed
Borgaonkar 2002 {published data only}
    1. Borgaonkar MR, Townson G, Donnelly M, Irvine EJ, Borgaonkar MR, Townson G, et al. Providing disease-related information worsens health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2002;8(4):264-9. - PubMed
Bregenzer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bregenzer N, Lange A, Furst A, Gross V, Scholmerich J, Andus T. Patient education in inflammatory bowel disease does not influence patients knowledge and long-term psychosocial well-being. Unpublished Manuscript (previous Version). - PubMed
    1. Bregenzer N, Lange A, Furst A, Gross V, Scholmerich J, Andus T. Patient education in inflammatory bowel disease does not influence patients knowledge and long-term psychosocial well-being. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2005;43(4):367-71. - PubMed
Britt 2016 {published data only}
    1. Britt RK. Online social support for participants of Crohn's and ulcerative colitis groups. Health Communication 2017;32(12):1529-38. - PubMed
Bruning 1991 {published data only}
    1. Bruning DJ. The Effects of Autogenic Training on Subjective Stress Levels, Subjective Symptoms and Coping Strategies in Women with Ulcerative Colitis (Dissertation Abstracts International) [thesis]. ProQuest Information & Learning, 1991.
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Gil‐Parada 2022 {published data only}
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Tongiorgi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tongiorgi A, Beretta E, Ceccarelli L, Bertani L, Caudai C, Laino G, et al. Effectiveness of psychological support on quality of life in IBD patients. Digestive and Liver Disease 2016;48:e160-1.
Van Deen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Van Deen WK, Khalil C, Dupuy T, Bonthala N, Almario C, Spiegel B. S0813 The effect of educational videos on inflammatory bowel disease patients' engagement and their friends' and family members' level of empathy. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2020;115:417-8.
Varekamp 2011 {published data only}
    1. Varekamp I, De Vries G, Heutink A, Van Dijk FJ. Empowering employees with chronic diseases: development of an intervention aimed at job retention and design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2008;8:224. [DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-8-224] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Varekamp I, Verbeeck JH, De Boer A, Van Dijk FJ. Effect of job maintenance training program for employees with chronic disease - a randomized controlled trial on self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and fatigue. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 2011;37(4):288-97. [DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3149] - DOI - PubMed
Vaz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Vaz KK, Carmody JK, Zhang Y, Denson LA, Hommel KA. Evaluation of a novel educational tool in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: the NEAT study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2019;69(5):564-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vaz KK, Zhang Y, Denson LA, Hommel KA. Evaluation of a novel educational tool in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: the Neat study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2016;63:S66. - PMC - PubMed
Vellanki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Vellanki S, Boateng A, Pressman N, Holbein C, Sibinga E, Mascarenhas M, et al. Live video mindfulness program is a safe, feasible, and acceptable intervention for youth with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2021;73(1):S401-2.
Verma 2001 {published data only}
    1. Verma S, Tsai HH, Giaffer MH. Does better disease-related education improve quality of life? A survey of IBD patients. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2001;46(4):865-9. - PubMed
Wahed 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wahed M, Corser M, Goodhand JR, Rampton DS. Does psychological counseling alter the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease? Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2010;16:664-9. - PubMed
Watt 2022 {published data only}
    1. Watt M, Peerani F, Madsen K, Siffledeen J, Kroeker K, Lim A, et al. Exploring patient perspectives on a 12-week online, stress reduction intervention in inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns & Colitis 360 2022;44(3):1-9. - PMC - PubMed
Werner 2022 {published data only}
    1. Werner L, Fibleman M, Shapiro I, Siderskyi A, Ostrinski Y, Hirsch A, et al. Abdominally targeted, yoga-based physical exercises as a theraeutic intervention for IBD. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2022;10:770.
Williams 2000 {published data only}
    1. Williams JG, Cheung WY, Russell IT, Cohen DR, Longo M, Lervy B. Open access follow up for inflammatory bowel disease: pragmatic randomised trial and cost effectiveness study. BMJ 2000;320(7234):544-8. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Pi B, Xu X, Li Y, Chen X, Yang N. Influence of narrative medicine-based health education combined with an online patient mutual assistance group on the health of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2020;13:1-10. - PMC - PubMed
Zisman‐Ilani 2023 {published data only}
    1. Zisman-Ilani Y, Thompson KD, Siegel LS, Mackenzie T, Crate DJ, Korzenik JR, et al. Crohn's disease shared decision making intervention leads to more patients choosing combination therapy: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2023;57(2):2205-14. [DOI: 10.1111/apt.17286] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12618002009291 {published data only}ACTRN12618002009291
    1. ACTRN12618002009291. The role of mindfulness in promoting wellbeing in patients with Crohn’s disease: An exploratory randomised control trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376053&... (submitted 7 December 2018).
ACTRN12622001263785 {published data only}ACTRN12622001263785
    1. ACTRN12622001263785. Testing an Online Intervention for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622001263785.aspx (registered 21 September 2022).
Basset 2004 {published data only}
    1. Basset E. Art as a complement to TPE. Revue de l'Infirmiere 2014;199:27. - PubMed
Berle 1951 {published data only}
    1. Berle BB, Pinsky RH, Wolf S, Wolff HG. Appraisal of the results of treatment in stress disorders - preliminary report. Research Publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 1951;31:167-77. - PubMed
ChiCTR2100043539 {published data only}ChiCTR2100043539
    1. ChiCTR2100043539. The Use of WeChat Mini Program During Induced Remission in the Management of Early Crohn's Disease Patients: a Non-Inferiority Trial. chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=120723 (registered 21 February 2021).
ChiCTR2100048369 {published data only}ChiCTR2100048369
    1. ChiCTR2100048369. A study on the effect of compassion-focused therapy on stigma in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease. chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=128698 (registered 06 July 2021).
ChiCTR2100051539 {published data only}ChiCTR2100051539
    1. ChiCTR2100051539. A randomized controlled trial of MOST theory based dietary management programs for patients with ulcerative colitis. chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=133958 (registered 26 September 2021).
ChiCTR2200059410 {published data only}ChiCTR2200059410
    1. ChiCTR2200059410. Effect of Clapping along the Meridians Combined with Five-Element Music Therapy Based on Spleen and Stomach Theory in Patients with Crohn's Disease Comorbid Insomnia. chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=167958 (registered 29 April 2022).
Deer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Deer KA. Families finding strength: a multi-family group intervention targeting the psychosocial impact of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Dissertation Abstract International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2012;72(9-B):5568.
Ernst 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ernst G, Szczepanski R, Lange K, Staab D, Thyen U, Menrath I. Two-year follow-up of a transition-specific education program for young people with chronic conditions. Journal of Adolescent Health 2022;71(3):344-50. - PubMed
Forry 2013 {published data only}
    1. Forry M, McDonnell E, Wilson O'Raghallaigh J, Kelly O, O'Toole A, Patchett S. Examination of the efficacy of a chronic disease self-management programme (CDSMP) for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a pilot study. Gut 2013;62:A28.
Haslbeck 1993 {published data only}
    1. Haslbeck E. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Patient Education Programme for IBD [thesis]. Regensburg: University of Regensburg, Department of Clinical Psychology, 1993.
Hommel 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hommel KA, Gray WN, Hente E, Loreaux K, Ittenbach RF, Maddux M, et al. The Telehealth Enhancement of Adherence to Medication (TEAM) in pediatric IBD trial: design and methodology. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;43:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.013] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hu 2017 {published data only}0970‐938X
    1. Hu N, Fu XJ, Guo HR, Gu XY. Combined clinical nursing path influencing negative emotions and living quality of patients co-infected with ulcerative colitis and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Biomedical Research (Tokyo, Japan) 2017;28(22):9990-3.
IRCT2015041921850N1 {published data only}IRCT2015041921850N1
    1. IRCT2015041921850N1. The investigation of Impact of psycho educational intervention on physical and psychological symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015041921850N1 (registered 12 January 2016).
ISRCTN37515330 {published data only}ISRCTN37515330
    1. ISRCTN37515330. Hypnotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. isrctn.com/ISRCTN37515330 (registered 30 September 2005).
JPRN‐UMIN000009892 {published data only}JPRN‐UMIN000009892
    1. JPRN-UMIN000009892. A psychoeducational intervention program for children with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000011591 (registered 29 January 2013).
KCT0008022 {published data only}KCT0008022
    1. KCT0008022. The effect of preconception care program for women with inflammatory bowel disease: a mixed method study. cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearchEn.do?seq=23681 (posted 7 December 2022).
Laurberg 2022 {published data only}
    1. Laurberg TB, Loft AG, Dige AK, Agnholt JS, Moller LF, Hjuler KF, et al. A randomized, usual care controlled, parallel-group pragmatic clinical trial in an interdisciplinary combined dermatology-gastroenterology-rheumatology clinic; preliminary data on baseline characteristics of 128 patients and questionnaire-based qualitative data from 30 patients and 15 HCPS. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2022;81:1588.
Lois 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lois R. Integrated behavioral health programs in subspecialty pediatrics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2017;56:17. - PubMed
Martinato 2022 {published data only}
    1. Martinato M, Comoretto RI, Monaco E, Ocagli H, Gregori D. Disease knowledge and quality of life perception in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2022;16:i621.
Menze 2023 {published data only}
    1. Menze L, Wenzl TG, Pappa A. KARLOTTA (Kids + Adolescents Research Learning On Tablet Teaching Aachen) - randomized controlled pilot study for the implementation of a digital educational app with game of skill for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2023;61(2):155-63. - PubMed
    1. Pappa A. KARLOTTA (Kids + Adolescents research learning on tablet teaching Aachen) - pilot study for the implementation of a digital educational app for paediatric patients. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2023;61(2):155-63. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1799-9267] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00553163 {published data only}
    1. NCT00553163. Hypnotherapy for Prevention of Relapse in Ulcerative Colitis: a Randomised, Single-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00553163 (first posted 04 November 2007).
NCT00769353 {published data only}
    1. NCT00769353. Understanding and Treating Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Pediatric Physical Illness. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00769353 (first posted 07 October 2008).
NCT01852097 {published data only}
    1. NCT01852097. An online intervention to address barriers to IBD medication adherence. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01852097 (posted 13 May 2013).
NCT02694042 {published data only}
    1. NCT02694042. Mission is Remission®: How Can a Disease Self-management Website Change Care? clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02694042 (first posted 29 February 2016).
NCT03059186 {published data only}
    1. NCT03059186. A Gratitude Intervention in Improving Well-being and Coping in People Living With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03059186 (first posted 23 February 2017).
NCT03327038 {published data only}
    1. NCT03327038. Addressing Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03327038 (first posted 31 October 2017).
NCT05374967 {published data only}
    1. NCT05374967. The Effect of a Multimodal Lifestyle Intervention on Chronic Fatigue in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Multi-IBD). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05374967 (first posted 16 May 2022).
NCT05719766 {published data only}
    1. NCT05719766. Effect of Incentive Integrated E-IBD Chronic Disease Management Model on the Quality of Life in IBD Patients. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05719766 (first posted 9 February 2023).
NCT05722236 {published data only}
    1. NCT05722236. IBD Strong Peer2Peer for Self-Management of Psychological Distress. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05722236 (first posted 10 February 2023).
NCT05786482 {published data only}
    1. NCT05786482. Evidence Based Mental Wellness Programming Online for Adults Across Chronic Physical Conditions (EMPOwer). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05786482 (first posted 27 March 2023).
NL‐OMON24127 {published data only}NTR1737
    1. NL-OMON24127. Chronic disease selfmanagement program for employees with a chronic disease. https://onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/24127 (registered 25 March 2009).
Patel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Patel A, Keefer L. A patient toolkit for the transition of care of active duty patients with IBD to the Veterans Administration healthcare system. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2019;114:S17-8.
Robinson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Robinson A, Thompson DG, Wilkin D. Guided self-management in ulcerative colitis: quicker treatment and more efficient use of health services. Gut 1999;44:A12.
Rosellini 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rosellini P, Berdai D, Molimard M, Girodet PO. Therapeutic education, compliance and self-medication. Revue du Praticien 2020;70(6):e191-7. - PubMed
Rosenberg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rosenberg SA. It takes guts! A play-based group intervention for children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74:no pagination.
Sachse 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ruger U. "Psychological psychotherapy" in chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders. Zeitschrift Fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 2007;53(4):404-7. - PubMed
    1. Sachse R. Psychologische Psychotherapie Bei Chronisch Entzuendlichen Darmerkrankungen (Psychological Psychotherapy of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases). Goettingen: Hogrefe, 2006.
    1. Sachse R. Solution-oriented psychotherapy of chronic inflammatory bowel disease [Klaerungsorientierte psychotherapie bei chronisch entzuendlichen darmerkrankungen]. In: Kriz J, Slunecko T, editors(s). Gespraechspsychotherapie. Die Therapeutische Vielfalt des Personzentrierten Ansatzes. Vienna: Facultas, 2007:286-94.
Scheffers 2022 {published data only}
    1. Scheffers LE, Helbing WA, Utens E, Dieleman GC, Dulfer K, Noske J, et al. Study protocol of the exercise study: unraveling limitations for physical activity in children with chronic diseases in order to target them with tailored interventions - a randomized cross over trial. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2022;9:791701. [DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.791701] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schmidt 1992 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt CF. Hypnotic suggestions and imaginations in the treatment of colitis ulcerosa. Hypnos 1992;19:237-42.
Schwarz 1991 {published data only}
    1. Schwarz SP, Blanchard EB. Evaluation of a psychological treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991;29(2):167-77. - PubMed
    1. Schwarz SP. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: comparing a multicomponent psychological treatment to a waiting-list control group. Dissertation Abstracts International 1990;n.v.:5919-20.
Sun 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sun N, Cruz R, Huang J. Examining the effects of teen-to-teen video education on adolescent health literacy and engagement with personal health information. Gastroenterology 2022;162(7):S62.
Szigethy 2017 {published data only}
    1. Szigethy E. 20.4 The future of integrating behavioral health into medical care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2017;56:S333-4.
Wilson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wilson C. Inflammmatory bowel disease. Sex differences in treatment effects. Advance for Nurse Practitioners 2009;17(1):19. - PubMed
Zeitz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zeitz M, Riecken EO, Pritsch M, Doppl W, Klor HU, Spahmer C, et al. Effectivity of psychotherapeutic measures in Crohn's disease: results of a prospective, multi-centre, randomised study. Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie 1994;32:534.
Zillessen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zillessen E. What is the advantage of after-care rehabilitation in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases? Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 1996;34:47-50. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12619000572167 {published data only}ACTRN12619000572167
    1. ACTRN12619000572167. Improving mental health of young Australians with chronic illness: a pilot study of the effectiveness of online self-compassion training. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619000572167.aspx (registered 11 April 2019).
ACTRN12621000390886 {published data only}ACTRN12621000390886
    1. ACTRN12621000390886. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a self-management programme for adolescents with a chronic illness. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621000390886.aspx (registered 8 April 2021).
ACTRN12621001316897 {published data only}ACTRN12621001316897
    1. ACTRN12621001316897. Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) for distress associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a feasibility trial of the ACTforIBD program. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621001316897.aspx (registered 28 September 2021).
Bollegala 2022 {published data only}
    1. Bollegala N, Barwick M, Fu N, Griffiths AM, Keefer L, Kohut SA, et al. Multimodal intervention to improve the transition of patients with inflammatory bowel disease from pediatric to adult care: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterology 2022;22(1):251. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2018/11/016287 {published data only}CTRI/2018/11/016287
    1. CTRI/2018/11/016287. Effect of yoga in IBD. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=21131 (registered 8 November 2018).
DRKS00017216 {published data only}DRKS00017216
    1. DRKS00017216. Interdisciplinary care of pediatric patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00017216 (registered 10 May 2019).
DRKS00020265 {published data only}DRKS00020265
    1. DRKS00020265. Assistant associated optimized care of patients with IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) under a biological therapy. drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00020265/details (registered 20 December 2019).
DRKS00023905 {published data only}DRKS00023905
    1. DRKS00023905. Inflammatory bowel disease treated with exercise, mindfulness and strength training. drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00023905 (registered 20 September 2021).
Evans 2022 {published data only}ACTRN12621001316897
    1. Evans S, Dober M, Knowles S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz MO, Gibson P, Raven L, et al. Acceptance commitment therapy (ACT) for psychological distress associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): protocol for a feasibility trial of the ACTforIBD programme. BMJ Open 2022;12(6):e060272. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060272] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
IRCT20170731035424N2 {published data only}IRCT20170731035424N2
    1. IRCT20170731035424N2. The effect of an educational-supportive program on self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with ulcerative colitis. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170731035424N2 (registered 19 September 2021).
IRCT20180520039736N1 {published data only}IRCT20180520039736N1
    1. IRCT20180520039736N1. Development of lifestyle educational package and survey its effectiveness in patients with ulcerative colitis. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180520039736N1 (registered 13 June 2018).
IRCT20191026045251N1 {published data only}IRCT20191026045251N1
    1. IRCT20191026045251N1. Comparison of the effect of self-care education with two methods smartphone app and Teach Back methods on the lifestyle and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191026045251N1 (registered 30 August 2020).
IRCT20200219046553N1 {published data only}IRCT20200219046553N1
    1. IRCT20200219046553N1. Effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20200219046553N1 (registered 3 April 2020).
IRCT20200613047757N1 {published data only}IRCT20200613047757N1
    1. IRCT20200613047757N1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile-based inflammatory bowel disease management system by using gamification techniques on disease activity index, mental health and quality of life. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20200613047757N1 (registered 16 November 2021).
ISRCTN24678005 {published data only}ISRCTN24678005
    1. ISRCTN24678005. Psychotherapy in paediatric patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease. isrctn.com/ISRCTN24678005 (registered 14 April 2023).
ISRCTN67022693 {published data only}ISRCTN67022693
    1. ISRCTN67022693. Can a mindfulness-based stress-reduction course improve symptoms and wellbeing in young people aged 15-24 years with inflammatory bowel disease? isrctn.com/ISRCTN67022693 (registered 12 September 2019).
Lores 2020 {published data only}ACTRN12620000348954
    1. ACTRN12620000348954. Virtual adjunctive gut-directed hypnotherapy for patients with Crohn’s disease: A randomised controlled pilot trial. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620000348954.aspx (registered 12 March 2020). [ACTRN: 12620000348954]
    1. Lores T, Andrews JM, Evans S, Chur-Hansen A, Goess C, Smith L, et al. A randomized controlled pilot trial of virtual adjunctive gut-directed hypnotherapy for people with Crohn's disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022;37:130-1.
Löwe 2022 {published data only}
    1. Löwe B, Nestoriuc Y, Andresen V, Vettorazzi E, Zapf A, Hübener S, et al. Persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis: study protocol for a three-arm randomised controlled trial (SOMA.GUT-RCT). BMJ Open 2022;12(6):e059529. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03091309 {published data only}
    1. NCT03091309. Counseling to optimize adherence in expectant mothers with inflammatory bowel disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03091309 (first posted 27 March 2017).
NCT03623932 {published data only}
    1. NCT03623932. Contribution of a non medicamentous approach by hypnosis on quality of life in Crohn disease (HYPNOCROHN). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03623932 (first posted on 9 August 2018).
NCT03757533 {published data only}
    1. NCT03757533. Health coaching as a tool for improving medication adherence in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03757533 (first posted 29 November 2018).
NCT03827109 {published data only}
    1. NCT03827109. Peer mentoring to improve self-management in youth with IBD. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03827109 (first posted 1 February 2019).
NCT03938324 {published data only}
    1. NCT03938324. Peer i-coaching for activated self-management optimization in adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03938324 (first posted 6 May 2019).
NCT04183608 {published data only}
    1. NCT04183608. A trial COmparing staNdard of care versus Treat to target with telemonitoRing and patient education in patients with ulcerative cOLitis initiating adalimumab (CONTROL). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04183608 (first posted 3 December 2019).
NCT04345393 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345393. Translating scientific evidence into practice using digital medicine and electronic patient reported outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04345393 (first posted 14 April 2020).
NCT04646785 {published data only}
    1. NCT04646785. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04646785 (first posted 30 November 2020).
NCT04700917 {published data only}
    1. NCT04700917. Internet-based cognitive behavioural program for managing stress with IBD: an RCT (iCBT). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04700917 (first posted 8 January 2021).
NCT04861597 {published data only}
    1. NCT04861597. Digital behavioral interventions in inflammatory bowel disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04861597 (first posted 27 April 2021).
NCT05377840 {published data only}
    1. NCT05377840. Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) for the treatment of anxiety and/​or depression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05377840 (first posted 17 May 2022).
NCT05405855 {published data only}
    1. NCT05405855. eLIFEwithIBD - Living with Intention, Fullness and Engagement with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Online) (eLIFEwithIBD). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05405855 (first posted 6 June 2022).
NCT05418062 {published data only}
    1. NCT05418062. Group ACT for CD pain - a feasibility study. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05418062 (first posted 14 June 2022).
NCT05474742 {published data only}
    1. NCT05474742. The Nori Health App. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05474742 (first posted 26 July 2022).
NCT05570617 {published data only}
    1. NCT05570617. TRansition to Adulthood through Coaching and Empowerment (TRACE). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05570617 (first posted 6 October 2022).
NCT05635292 {published data only}
    1. NCT05635292. Addressing Disability Effectively With Psychosocial Telemedicine (ADEPT). clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05635292 (first posted 2 December 2022).
NCT05645666 {published data only}
    1. NCT05645666. The effectiveness of well-being therapy on mental health and self-efficacy of patients with ulcerative colitis. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05645666 (first posted 9 December 2022).
NCT05651542 {published data only}
    1. NCT05651542. A comprehensive self-management intervention for individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05651542 (first posted 15 December 2022).
NCT05788549 {published data only}
    1. NCT05788549. Assessment of the effectiveness of progressive relaxation techniques in individuals with ulcerative colitis. clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05788549 (first posted 29 March 2023).
Norton 2021 {published data only}ISRCTN71618461
    1. Norton C, Syred J, Kerry S, Artom M, Sweeney L, Hart A, et al. Supported online self-management versus care as usual for symptoms of fatigue, pain and urgency/incontinence in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-BOOST): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021;22(1):516. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05466-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Norton C. Supported online self-management versus care as usual for symptoms of fatigue, pain and urgency/incontinence in adults with infammatory bowel disease (IBD-BOOST): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial - an update to the published protocol. Trials 2023;24(1):81. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07095-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sweeney L, Windgassen S, Artom N, Norton C, Fawson S, Moss-Morris R. A novel digital self-management intervention for symptoms of fatigue, pain, and urgency in inflammatory bowel disease: describing the process of development. JMIR Formative Research 2022;6(5):e33001. [DOI: 10.2196/33001] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Triantos 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kalogeropoulou M, Konstantopoulou G, Karaivazoglou K, Lourida T, Tourkochristou E, Lampropoulou E, et al. The impact of group cognitive behavioral therapy on IBD patients' psychosocial functioning, inflammation and disease severity indices: a randomized controlled trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2021;9:21. [DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12139] - DOI
Trindade 2021 {published data only}
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