Familial component of early-onset colorectal cancer: opportunity for prevention

Abstract

Background: Individuals with a non-syndromic family history of colorectal cancer are known to have an increased risk. There is an opportunity to prevent early-onset colorectal cancer (age less than 50 years) (EOCRC) in this population. The aim was to explore the proportion of EOCRC that is preventable due to family history of colorectal cancer.

Methods: This was a retrospective multicentre European study of patients with non-hereditary EOCRC. The impact of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), U.S. Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF), and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines on prevention and early diagnosis was compared. Colorectal cancer was defined as potentially preventable if surveillance colonoscopy would have been performed at least 5 years before the age of diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and diagnosed early if colonoscopy was undertaken between 1 and 4 years before the diagnosis.

Results: Some 903 patients with EOCRC were included. Criteria for familial colorectal cancer risk in ESGE, USMSTF, and NCCN guidelines were met in 6.3, 9.4, and 30.4 per cent of patients respectively. Based on ESGE, USMSTF, and NCCN guidelines, colorectal cancer could potentially have been prevented in 41, 55, and 30.3 per cent of patients, and diagnosed earlier in 11, 14, and 21.1 per cent respectively. In ESGE guidelines, if surveillance had started 10 years before the youngest relative, there would be a significant increase in prevention (41 versus 55 per cent; P = 0.010).

Conclusion: ESGE, USMSTF, and NCCN criteria for familial colorectal cancer were met in 6.3, 9.4, and 30.4 per cent of patients with EOCRC respectively. In these patients, early detection and/or prevention could be achieved in 52, 70, and 51.4 per cent respectively. Early and accurate identification of familial colorectal cancer risk and increase in the uptake of early colonoscopy are key to decreasing familial EOCRC.

Fig. 1

Impact of application of European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, U.S. Multi-Society Task Force, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines on colorectal cancer prevention and early detection Impact of a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), b modified ESGE, c U.S. Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF), and d National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, showing cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) that could have been prevented (difference between age recommended for screening based on guidelines and age of CRC diagnosis 5 years or more), diagnosed earlier (difference between age recommended for screening based on guidelines and age of CRC diagnosis 1–4 years), or neither prevented nor diagnosed earlier (difference between age recommended for screening based on guidelines and age of CRC diagnosis less than 1 year). The number of patients with early-onset CRC meeting the criteria for each guideline for early screening is shown. Data are based on patients for whom the age of colorectal cancer in relatives was available. Difference between age recommended for screening based on guidelines and age of CRC diagnosis. A negative result value indicate that the recommended age for screening colonoscopy is after CRC diagnosis.